Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
FY 1997 FY 1998 FY 1999 Actuals Estimate Request Development Assistance.............. $8,328,000 $8,292,000 $6,824,000 Child Survival and Disease.......... $2,700,000 $2,470,000 $2,000,000 Economic Support Funds*............. --- $2,500,000 P.L. 480 Title II........................... $392,000 --- ---
* LAC Regional request for FY 1999 includes $2,300,000
IntroductionThe United States has a strong interest in a democratic, stable and economically healthy Dominican Republic. The multiple and longstanding U.S. interests in the country include strengthening democratic institutions, fighting drug trafficking and money laundering, enhancing market access for U.S. exporters, combatting the smuggling of aliens, controlling the spread of AIDS, reducing environmental degradation, and promoting stability in the region. The country is the United States' seventh largest export market in Latin America. The proximity of the Dominican Republic means that its problems often have a direct spillover effect on the United States. The high incidence of poverty, lack of economic opportunity, and social injustice have resulted in sizable emigration. Roughly one out of nine Dominicans is now thought to live -- legally or illegally -- in the United States.
Development Challenge
The administration of President Leonel Fernández has brought about a dramatic change in the Dominican Republic's internal and external image. Internally, the new government is seeking to maintain macroeconomic stability while introducing a variety of reforms and emphasizing increased investment in the social sectors. Externally, the new administration is reversing years of virtual isolation from Hemispheric and world relations, seeking a leadership role in the Caribbean and establishing new ties with Central America and the rest of the international community. The Dominican government's ability to act on economic and social issues is hampered by weak State institutions plagued with patronage, large inefficient bureaucracies and corruption. Critical reform measures languish in Congress. Serious flaws in the judicial system constrain economic development and limit individual rights. However, major judicial reforms are underway led by a new Supreme Court. With strong USAID support, civil society has emerged as an active participant in these reforms. Nongovernmental organizations remain active, filling many gaps in public services such as basic health services, microenterprise credit and support, environmental management, and legal aid. The Dominican government is current on most foreign debt obligations, with the Dominican Central Bank and the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) recently signing an agreement to pay arrears on CCC debt.
By the end of FY 1999, USAID will be reduced to limited Mission status in the Dominican Republic, working in just two Agency goal areas. Complete graduation from U.S. assistance is not expected in the near-term. USAID's 1997-2002 strategic plan for the Dominican Republic aims to achieve key political, economic, and social reforms by building strong, supportive relations with the new, reform-oriented government while using our experience working with NGOs to foster efficient linkages between them and the State. Such linkages, especially those targeting the delivery of social services to the poor to maximize the impact of scarce resources, are key to improved equity and sustainable development. Grassroots activities have been supported across the country to identify, advocate and enact change on a broad range of local and national development priorities, such as improving the provision of basic services (e.g., water and sanitation, electricity), promoting decentralization, and reform of the electoral law.
To overcome entrenched opposition to democratic reform, USAID will continue to support and strengthen broad-based, active participation of civil society in various aspects of political life. To ensure a sustainable democracy, however, reform of the antiquated and ineffective justice system is essential. The naming of a new Supreme Court is one example of the progress being made in the justice sector. Priority reforms in FY 1999 aim to increase the transparency and efficiency of the system, lessen corruption, protect human rights, and improve the climate for foreign investment. USAID will also continue to strengthen civil society organizations supported during the 1996 elections to prepare for the monitoring of the 1998 Congressional and municipal elections and the 2000 presidential elections.
Improved fiscal and monetary management since late 1994 has led to inflation below double digit levels and remarkable real growth of over seven percent in 1997. This growth, however, has not been equal throughout society, focusing on only a few sectors such as the free trade zones, telecommunications and tourism. The Dominican Republic still remains the second poorest country in the Caribbean. Per capita gross national product of $1,460 in 1995 masks a pronounced inequity in income distribution -- the poorest 50% of the population receives less than 20% of total income, while the richest 10% receives about 40%. Building on its success in helping the Government of the Dominican Republic (GODR) to develop an ambitious reform package designed to open the economy and alleviate poverty, USAID will continue to pursue a focused economic policy dialogue with the Dominican government. Technical assistance will also be provided to strengthen the government's capacity for policy analysis and formulation as well as for more efficient use and better allocation of resources.
USAID support for family planning, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, HIV prevention, and the provision of water and sanitation services has contributed to notable improvements in the overall health of Dominicans in targeted areas. Nonetheless, critical health care issues remain. These include a sharp rise in HIV/AIDS infection among the general population, limited access to reproductive health care by youth, and inadequate water and sanitation systems in many areas of the country, all exacerbated by limited coverage for basic preventive health care. For FY 1999, USAID support will continue to assist individuals and couples to achieve their reproductive goals through strengthening of NGO partners and increased technical assistance to the Dominican government. USAID will continue to market its model community-managed water and sanitation projects to mobilize private sector, other donor, and government funding. To address the growing AIDS problem, USAID will increase support to public and private sector organizations working to prevent HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, and develop the infrastructure for greatly expanded diagnosis and treatment.
The Dominican Republic is overdependent on inefficient and unreliable energy sources that pollute the environment and deplete the natural resource base. Firewood and charcoal still constitute the principal cooking fuel in most rural households, which is the principal cause of deforestation, resulting in siltation of the country's hydropower reservoirs. By demonstrating how known technologies can exploit untapped alternative energy resources in a cost effective and commercially viable way, NGOs, cooperatives, community groups, and private businesses can help dramatically to improve power availability for the rural poor. Solar power for community potable water and domestic lighting systems; solar cooking, heating and drying ventures; pilot conservation projects in critical watersheds; and wind energy and mini-hydro pilot demonstrations for community electrification, are among the activities receiving support under this strategic objective. U.S. energy firms want to expand their markets and investments in the international arena. USAID is laying the groundwork necessary to attract such investment.
Other Donors
The United States is the fifth largest donor to the Dominican Republic, after the Inter-American Development Bank (education, health, community development, tourism, transport infrastructure,
financial sector, land titling, irrigation), the World Bank (education, health, roads, energy, justice reform, irrigation), Japan (agriculture, health, natural resources), and the European Union (integrated rural and community development, private sector and nongovernmental organization support, energy, water and sanitation, health, natural resources). The United Nations Development Program, Italy, Spain and Germany are other important donors.
FY 1999 Program
With a $11.1 million request in FY 1999 (including $2.3 million in
Economic Support Funds............. ), USAID's assistance program contributes to four Agency goals (Democracy, Population and Health, Economic Growth, and Environment) with plans to phase out of the latter two goals in FY 1998 and FY 1999, respectively. Principal activities include reform of the justice system, civic education and support for popular participation in democratic processes, technical assistance for economic policy analysis and implementation, reproductive health services, HIV/AIDS prevention, health sector reform, pilot testing of commercially-viable alternative energy models, and natural resource conservation.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FY 1999 PROGRAM SUMMARY
($000s)
USAID
Strategic and Special
ObjectivesEconomic Growth and Agriculture Population and Health Environ-ment Democracy Human Capacity Develop-ment Human-itarian Assistance
TotalS.O. 2
Increased Use of Preventive Health Care Services
- DA
- CSD
3,166
2,000
3,166
2,000S.O. 3
Better Functioning Democracy
- DA
- ESF*
3,358
3,358
S.O. 4
Increased Capacity to Produce Envi-ronmentally Sound EnergySp.O 1
Better Gov-ernment Economic Decision-making
- DA
300
300
Totals
- DA
- CSD
300
3,166
2,000
3,358
6,824
2,000
* LAC Regional request includes $2,300,000 attributed to Dominican Republic democracy objective
USAID Mission Director: Marilyn Zak
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Use of Effective Preventive Health Care Services, 517-SO02
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $3,166,000 DA; $2,000,000 CSD
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To increase the use of effective preventive health care services through: 1) improved knowledge of and access to services which reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually-transmitted infections; 2) improved access to family planning and other reproductive health services; 3) more sustainable national preventive health care systems; and 4) broadened support for NGO sponsored rural community water and sanitation infrastructure using the "total community participation" model.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Broad-based participation, innovative NGO service delivery methods, and expanded social marketing have made a positive impact on the Dominican Republic's health status. USAID led a multi-agency funded demographic and health survey which collected national and regional data in 1996. According to this survey, the contraceptive prevalence rate showed an average annual increase of 1.5% for modern methods use for married women, with a doubling of the prevalence rate among women 15-19 years and a double digit increase among the 25-29 age group, placing the Dominican program among the strongest performers in the region. Sentinel surveillance sites report HIV seroprevalence rates have decreased among target groups within the areas where a USAID-supported peer to peer education project exists. In project areas, reported condom use increased from 29% to 47% among young men and 6% to 17% for young women. A national AIDS prevention strategy and campaign for adolescents, leveraging more than $9 million in free air time, won first place as the best educational effort for adolescents at the Second Latin American and Caribbean Seminar on Communication and Sexual/Reproductive Health for Adolescents held in Mexico. The exclusive breastfeeding rate for children under four months more than doubled between 1991 and 1996. Although hundreds of communities have benefitted from USAID supported installation of water and sanitation systems, 45% of the rural population still lack water systems and 21% remain without sanitation systems.
Description: USAID works in four major areas: reproductive health; AIDS prevention; water and sanitation; and policy dialogue. Changes within the Dominican government have led to increased allocation of public resources to the health sector, movement towards health care reform, and a willingness to look at new service implementation mechanisms. Consequently, USAID is placing greater emphasis on: comprehensive reproductive health services, including targeting the key underserved populations of youth to reduce unintended pregnancy and increasing male involvement in reproductive health; shifting focus from high risk groups to the general population, with emphasis on youth and women for the prevention of HIV/AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases; shifting from almost exclusive support for NGOs to a combination of support for public and private programs; and program sustainability through national systems rather than direct support for service expansion. As part of a multisectoral approach to addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic, USAID intends to work closely with a cabinet-level Council reactivated in 1997 to report AIDS control efforts directly to the President. In addition to further support of NGOs, a component of USAID's strategy is to increase private sector involvement in education and other AIDS prevention efforts. To address maternal mortality, particularly in the case of very young mothers, USAID efforts will focus on delaying first pregnancies and spacing subsequent ones. Given that higher infant mortality has been found among infants born to adolescent mothers, this approach should contribute to reducing infant mortality as well. USAID's efforts in the water sector will focus almost exclusively on policy reform and the marketing of the successful "Total Community Participation" model. The model's underlying premise is to empower communities to assist in the installation, and operate and maintain their own water systems with user fee resources. All of USAID's health and population interventions will reflect the
cross-cutting concerns of health sector
reform, donor coordination, NGO organizational strengthening, service delivery capacity building, and financial sustainability.
Host Country and Other Donors: The government's 1998 budget proposes increased public expenditures for the health sector. The government has conducted studies to identify areas of critical poverty within the country to prioritize and target its social investments. A process of decentralization is also underway, empowering local governments to develop appropriate solutions to health issues. The World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) are joint partners in the design of a health care reform program. UNAIDS is the lead agency tasked to coordinate the United Nation's response to the AIDS epidemic. The United Nations Children's Fund provides assistance to the government and a limited number of NGOs to control diarrheal diseases and acute respiratory infections, promote baby friendly hospitals, and conduct policy dialogue in water and sanitation. The rights of children in especially difficult circumstances also will be a major initiative. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has a range of activities in water and sanitation, integrated community development, food and nutrition, epidemiological programs, diarrheal control, acute respiratory infections, immunization, and health sector reform. Support from the United Nations Population Fund aims to improve reproductive health primarily in the western regions of the country. The European Union (EU) supports maternal and child health activities in an underserved western region of the country, medical curriculum assistance, and medicine procurement. Assistance from the Japanese consists of construction of and equipping a gastrointestinal facility and water/sanitation infrastructure. Spain sponsors training and an epidemiology program.
Beneficiaries: Women and men, with a special emphasis on youth of reproductive age at risk of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases; and families in the areas of project water and sanitation provision will benefit from these activities.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through Development Associates, Inc. and the Academy for Educational Development, both U.S. firms; U.S. PVOs such as Catholic Relief Services and Food for the Hungry; and local NGOs including the Dominican Association for Family Well-Being (PROFAMILIA), the Dominican Family Planning Association (ADOPLAFAM), Women in Development (MUDE), and the National Health Institute (INSALUD). Grantees for the new AIDS prevention activity are currently being selected.
Major Result Indicators: Baseline (FY96) Target (FY99) Barrier use with regular and Male: 22.8% 26% nonregular partners Female: 1.4% 3% Married women using modern contraceptive methods 59.2% 62% Percent of rural population in project areas with access to potable water 32% 60% Percent of rural population in project areas with access to sanitation systems 19% 21%
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
TITLE AND NUMBER: More Participatory, Representative and Better Functioning Democracy Achieved, 517-SO03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $3,358,000 DA; $2,300,000 ESF (attributed under LAC Regional request)
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To achieve a more participatory, representative and better functioning democracy through: 1) strengthened rule of law and respect for human rights; 2) increased development of a free and active civil society; and 3) consolidated civil society support for more genuine and competitive electoral processes.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's efforts in close partnership with its Dominican civil society partners have achieved tremendous results. 86% of eligible citizens voted in the 1996 presidential election, which was considered one of the cleanest elections in Dominican history. The volunteer electoral monitoring network's quick count was amazingly accurate, with the difference between the quick count and the official results an incredibly low 0.26%. According to international experts, this may be a world record for accuracy in a quick count. 23% of Dominicans advocated for democratic reforms, and 26% were active in NGOs or community groups. Consultations and technical assistance to key members of the National Judicial Council and civil society organizations promoted transparency and public participation in the long overdue nomination and selection process for new Supreme Court judges. The remarkably open and transparent process for selecting the reform-minded Supreme Court is unprecedented in Dominican history and set a new standard for popular participation in government. National forums funded by USAID kept critical justice sector reforms in the forefront of the public eye and the Congressional agenda.
Description: While maintaining its strong support for civil society, USAID will continue to work with the Dominican government to achieve significant reform of the justice sector. The implementation of a pilot court program will modernize and improve 22 criminal and civil courts. Prosecutors will receive assistance to promote higher quality and quantity of criminal prosecutions and associated delay reduction. Anti-corruption assistance will support the government's efforts to criminally prosecute corrupt public officials. An Inspector General of Tribunals organization will lead to a regular program of inspections of tribunals and special investigations. Assistance to the Controller General of the Republic will strengthen its capability to conduct investigatory audits involving fraud and corruption. Judicial reform commissions will receive assistance to revise legal codes and enact a judicial career law. USAID will support the integration of full-time public defender services into the government organization structure.
In addition to strengthening the rule of law, USAID will work to foster participatory democracy at the grassroots level through efforts aimed at educating and motivating the citizenry in the practice of democratic values and civic responsibilities. Broad-based civic participation will be promoted at the local level, working on everyday problems to increase citizens' understanding of and ability to elicit responses from local officials. USAID will continue its support to selected civil society organizations advocating for democratic reforms and modernization of the state. Assistance will support the institutionalization of an oversight function exercised by civil society over both elected officials and state institutions. In preparation for the 1998 congressional and municipal elections and the presidential elections in 2000, USAID will work to strengthen the national electoral monitoring network and support the achievement of a better educated electorate.
Other Donors: The IDB is providing $40 million for a land registry and cadastre program. The World Bank has contributed nearly $600,000 for justice reform. France and Spain have also contributed to improving the justice system. The German-based Friedrich Ebert Foundation has provided funding for civil society advocacy efforts.
Beneficiaries: While many activities under this strategic objective target the poor, their reach is truly nationwide. The overall aim of consolidating democracy in the Dominican Republic benefits all citizens and furthers the global interests of the United States.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, Agencies: The National Center for State Courts, and Casals and Associates, both U.S. firms; local grantees include the Foundation for Institutionality and Justice, Citizen Participation, and the Pontifical Catholic University (PUCMM).
Major Result Indicators: Baseline(FY97) Target (FY99) Prisoners held without 88% 80% sentence Citizens involved in activities 18% 21% in favor of democracy Eligible citizens who voted 86% (1996) 86% (2000) for democratic reforms
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased National Capacity to Produce Environmentally Sound Energy, 517-SO04
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: no new funding
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 1999
Purpose: To increase the national capacity to produce environmentally sound energy through: 1) commercially feasible renewable energy alternatives; and 2) increased public awareness of community based approaches to protect hydroelectric energy production.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Encouraged by the success of USAID-funded demonstration activities in photovoltaics, four Dominican commercial firms are doing a multimillion dollar business in renewable energy in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti, resulting in millions of dollars of goods imported from the United States. Using other donor resources, a number of USAID's NGO partners are replicating successful USAID-developed models for sustainable hillside production and community driven reforestation in critical watersheds. Through USAID's intensive donor coordinating efforts, the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank have conditioned their future investment of roughly $200 million for power plants on the development of an environmental regulatory framework for electrical energy production and distribution.
Description: Economically attractive models for effective natural resource management in critical hydroelectric watersheds will be demonstrated with ample community participation in the design and implementation of the activities. Nine grants have been awarded to U.S. and Dominican NGOs to implement projects in critical watersheds. The most recent is a grant to The Nature Conservancy, jointly administered by a group of local NGOs, community groups and the Dominican Parks Department. This grant is to promote soil conservation and reforestation activities in buffer areas adjacent to five national parks in an area where 90% of all rivers in the Dominican Republic are born. Working closely with the Dominican government, USAID will help to ensure that successful NGO-led community-based conservation models are replicated under the government's new reforestation program. USAID will also help NGOs to promote their models to other donors. Working with U.S. and local NGOs to test various models, USAID will demonstrate the ability of community-based institutions to own and sustainably operate renewable energy systems for potable water and electrification. USAID will also demonstrate the commercial feasibility of using solar, wind, microhydro and hybrid sources for electrical energy production. Clients will be expected to pay back loans for renewable energy systems at market rates of interest. Grants will be awarded to NGOs to finance expansion of solar energy on a full-cost recovery basis, demonstrating the feasibility of community owned and operated renewable energy systems. A microenterprise network will be expanded to provide sales and services to renewable energy customers. Assistance will be provided to these small suppliers and links promoted with U.S. suppliers of renewable energy technology.
Throughout the country, USAID will actively promote U.S. renewable energy technology through workshops, tradeshows, newsletters and advertisements. Continuing its role as a catalyst, USAID will leverage potential donor funds to reduce the degradation of the environmentally and economically important Artibonito watershed. This watershed, the largest on the island, is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti. USAID/Dominican Republic will coordinate with USAID/Haiti to sponsor a workshop for interested international donors as well as stakeholders to explore the feasibility of a multi-donor financed environmental protection effort for this important regional watershed. To help direct power development along an environmentally-sound path, USAID is providing assistance to the government to set standards for new investments, and to establish a regulatory body for the power sector. USAID
assistance is conditioned upon the government developing and applying energy sector norms and standards consistent with international environmental standards. This assistance will terminate in FY 1998.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID's activities complement other donors' capital investments for conservation or protection of natural resources in the country. Spain has been the largest single foreign donor in natural resources, providing $43 million. The European Union has contributed a total of $44 million. The IDB is providing $13 million for reforestation. The World Bank and IDB have provided loans in the order of $160 million for irrigation projects. Germany is providing assistance for a dry forest management project. Japan is drafting a plan for the development of natural resources in a major watershed area. Taiwan, Mexico, the United Nations and other donors have natural resource portfolios of less than one million dollars. Major expansion of electric power is planned for the immediate future, including a $250 million IDB/World Bank loan for two new privately-owned power plants. The Dominican government has developed a reforestation and soil conservation program that is headed by the President and is to be implemented through NGOs using successful USAID community-based development models.
Beneficiaries: Off-grid, rural communities without energy or water, and the rural poor in watersheds with hydroelectric power potential are the direct beneficiaries.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities with Winrock International, ENERSOL, the Nature Conservancy, Catholic Relief Services and several local NGOs including PRONATURA, Foundation for Community Development, the Association for the Development of Espaillat Province, and the Foundation for the Development of the Southwest.
Major Result Indicators: Baseline (FY96) Target (FY99) Increase in the number of new 0 2 plants applying clean standards Installed capacity of project- 14 250 funded renewable energy systems increases (kilowatts) Increase in area under sound 2300 3600 soil conservation practices in target areas (hectares)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
TITLE AND NUMBER: Better Systems and Information for Dominican Government Economic Decision-making, 517-SPO1
STATUS: New
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999: $300,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001
Purpose: To enhance the Dominican government's ability to develop sound economic policies that will result in the alleviation of poverty.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: FY 1998 will mark the final year of USAID/Dominican Republic's strategic objective in the area of encouraging broad-based economic growth. Successful programs in microenterprise lending were phased out in 1997 and basic education in February 1998. Business skills training for microentrepreneurs will last until the end of FY 1998. During this last year focus has been on strengthening the management and administrative systems of key NGOs to enable them to carry on activities after USAID assistance terminates, as well as creating linkages between NGOs and the Dominican government, the private sector and other donors. Building on earlier work with NGOs on an economic policy agenda and by engaging in effective policy dialogue and providing solid technical assistance, USAID helped the Dominican government articulate an economic vision and develop an ambitious reform package designed to alleviate poverty by opening up the economy, sustaining macroeconomic equilibrium and increasing social spending.
Description: USAID will focus on achieving results through short-term high level technical assistance for economic policy reform and analysis that contributes to poverty alleviation. High quality information to government economic policy makers will enable them to define and implement economic reforms that will: 1) increase the job creation capacity of the economy; 2) provide for continued fiscal stability; and 3) rationalize government expenditures in the social sector. USAID will program key analyses and high level consultancies in these areas and actively follow up with the government on implementing relevant recommendations. Through timely, high-quality, short-term technical assistance, as well as continuous dialogue, USAID will support a more orderly flow of donor assistance to the Dominican government, increase the government's internal capability to analyze complex economic interactions, and provide effective feedback on proposed government programs and their likely effects on both efficiency and poverty alleviation. In addition, USAID will facilitate broad-based discussions on economic issues between government officials and civil society. USAID will also provide assistance to educate the public on why economic reforms are necessary to achieve sustained growth and alleviate poverty. Currently, USAID is assisting the Dominican government to improve the efficiency of public expenditure allocations, create an investors roadmap, develop more reliable labor statistics, issue public bonds, computerize its auditing system, and reform its marketing and trade policies.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID coordinates its policy dialogue closely with those of the World Bank and the IDB, which have provided the government with their assessments of economic policy reform priorities. The United Nations Development Program is providing technical assistance and equipment to modernize the inadequate working environment of several key ministries.
Beneficiaries: Dominican government officials will improve their skills and technical capacity as a result of USAID technical assistance and training. In a broader sense, the Dominican poor, unemployed and underemployed will gain from the successful implementation of equity-conscious economic and social reforms.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through: local NGOs such as the Foundation for Economy and Development (FED); U.S. economists such as Dr. Arnold Harberger; U.S. PVOs such as the Harvard Institute for International Development; and U.S. agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service.
Major Result Indicators: Baseline (FY96) Target (FY99) USAID-financed studies used by Dominican government 1 10
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