Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).
MADAGASCAR
FY 1997 FY 1998 FY 1999 Actuals Estimate Request Child Survival and Disease.......... $3,300,000 $3,000,000 $2,900,000 Development Assistance.............. $12,950,000 $14,000,000 $13,600,000 Economic Support Fund............. $80,000 --- --- P.L. 480 Title II........................... $3,699,000 $4,970,000 $5,941,179
Introduction
Madagascar is Africa's most important biodiversity priority, and among the world's top five for species diversity and uniqueness. Yet, pervasive poverty, high population growth, and poor agricultural practices have led a frontal assault on these unique national and global treasures. Despite years of economic stagnation, Madagascar holds tremendous development potential. Recently, the Government of Madagascar (GOM) initiated a major Structural Adjustment Program to reverse its economic decline and launch sustained growth and poverty reduction. The U.S. interest in Madagascar lies in its globally unique biodiversity and its high potential to break out of its poverty cycle to become one of Africa's emerging market economies. Assistance to Madagascar advances U.S. interests by helping to establish a legal and policy environment which encourages private initiative and investment and by helping the Malagasy to manage of one of the earth's most extraordinary sources of biodiversity.
The Development Challenge
Over the last quarter century, the Malagasy people have experienced a marked decline in their standard of living. Real per capita income fell by more than 40% between 1970 and 1995, putting the country among the world's poorest today. During that period, Madagascar's policy and regulatory environment discouraged private sector investment and growth. Lax fiscal and monetary policies, inward-looking trade and exchange rate policies, heavy state involvement in the productive sector, marketing and price controls, weak legal commercial codes, and a poor tax administration contributed to the nation's decline. Madagascar also suffers from high population growth rates, intensive deforestation and soil erosion, declines in soil fertility, declines in health status (particularly among children), and political and social turmoil. The World Bank estimates that approximately 70% of Madagascar's population currently live in absolute poverty. Despite this bleak picture, it is also clear that donor unity on structural reform, carefully designed programs, and a focus on strengthening civil society netted remarkable results in 1997. These include: saving the Masoala tropical forest, achieving 99% coverage in the national polio campaign, and bringing the global communications revolution to this island nation through the Leland Initiative.
After four years of economic half-measures following Madagascar's successful transition to democracy, the government stabilized the economy, and negotiated an ambitious Structural Adjustment Program with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). U.S. leadership is credited with having brought the International Financial Institutions, donors and government together on this key step leading to Paris Club debt reduction, enabling the debt-service ratio to fall from 46% in 1996 to 25% in 1997.
USAID anticipates being involved in Madagascar's economic development over the long-term. USAID is working to reduce poverty by encouraging sustainable resource use and conservation of the nation's rich biodiversity, the adoption of sound family planning and health practices, as well as the establishment of a legal and policy environment. These interventions encourage Malagasy citizens and businesses to take private initiative, which increases their productivity and incomes. Working with civil society, USAID also supports greater public participation, accountability and the rule of law.
Other Donors
In FY 1997, ranking fourth among donors, the United States provided $16.4 million. France, the lead donor, provided $125.8 million followed by the European Union ($55 million), International Development Association ($22.5 million) and Japan ($8.6 million).
FY 1999 Program
USAID's FY 1999 program of assistance will focus on the following priority sectors: health (including important child survival programs), family planning, and HIV/AIDS prevention; conserving Madagascar's unique biological diversity; and supporting private initiative. USAID's assistance strategy for Madagascar is fully compatible with the Government of Madagascar's own development priorities and initiatives. For example, USAID has worked in partnership with the GOM and the donor community in the preparation and implementation of the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). The overall objective of the NEAP is to assist the Malagasy people to protect and improve their environment, while concurrently working for sustainable national development and economic growth. Building on the successes and lessons learned in Phase I, the GOM, USAID, and other donors designed and began implementation of Phase II of the Plan in 1997. USAID's support further shifts natural resource management responsibility to Malagasy institutions, expands local community participation, increases ecotourism and private sector involvement in conservation enterprises. This support reinforces Madagascar's commitment to biodiversity conservation through effective management of its expanded national parks and forests.
Madagascar faces serious developmental problems. Madagascar's high rate of population growth is a major contributor to the country's declining standard of living. USAID's innovative family health strategy combines state-of-the-art nutrition, child survival, food aid, disaster preparedness and family planning programming. To achieve smaller, healthier families, USAID supports the improvement of the quality of care, strengthens local organizations' capacity to manage programs and provide services, and promotes use of program data to measure progress and impact, and adapt services to clients' needs. USAID is the main donor for polio eradication efforts and supports the overall immunization program. USAID is also helping define policies for effective nutrition programs, while encouraging communities and families to plan an active role in disease recognition and prevention. For population and HIV/AIDS control, the highly successful family planning and condom promotion program will be complemented by AIDS prevention activities targeted at high-risk populations. USAID's P.L. 480 Title II program aims to improve the food security of vulnerable populations. The community-based program combines village-level health promotion activities with food distribution targeted to vulnerable groups. Since natural disasters regularly occur in Madagascar, USAID spearheaded the creation of a joint government-donor Disaster Response Steering Committee and plays a lead role in coordinating disaster preparedness, mitigation and prevention efforts. Disaster and relief efforts are linked to development programs through an innovative Title II monetization program in disaster prone regions.
Reducing poverty in Madagascar also depends on the country's success in pursuing an integrated strategy aimed at encouraging and enabling Malagasy families and businesses to take private initiative which effectively increases their productive capacities, incomes, and contributions to the nation's sustainable economic development. For this to happen, Madagascar must establish a legal, policy, and institutional environment which encourages and rewards private initiative. Thus, USAID supports commercial law and judicial reform aimed at protecting and promoting economic actors' right to invest and employ their resources productively, the expansion of sustainable microfinance (and supportive financial policies), and a more informed public participation in economic and legal issues. USAID programs encourage a public dialogue on economic and legal issues, with the expectation that a more informed and participatory public dialogue will lead to improved policy formulation and implementation. In addition, USAID has planned activities to improve Madagascar's trade and investment regime and its effective participation in regional and global trade agreements.
USAID MADAGASCAR
FY 1999 PROGRAM SUMMARY
(in thousands of dollars)
USAID
Strategic and
Special
Objectives
Economic Growth &
Agriculture
Population and Health
Environment
Democracy
Human
Capacity
Development
Humanitarian
Assistance
TOTALS
SP. 01
Improved
Environment for Private
Initiative
- DA
1,000
---
---
1,200
---
---
2,200
S.O.02
Smaller, Healthier Families
- CSD
- DA
- P.L. 480 Title II
---
---
---
2,900
3,500
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
5,941
2,900
3,500
5,941S.O.03
Biologically-Diverse Ecosystems Conserved in Priority Zones
- DA
---
---
7,900
---
---
---
7,900
Totals
- CSD
- DA
- P.L. 480 Title II
---
1,000
---
2,900
3,500
----
---
7,900
---
---
1,200
---
---
---
---
---
---
5,941
2,900
13,600
5,941
USAID Mission Director: Karen M. Poe
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: MADAGASCAR
TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved Environment for Private Initiative, 687-SP01
STATUS: CONTINUING
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY1999: $2,200,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To support specific objectives of the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) aimed at improving Madagascar's environment for private initiative. After successfully restoring macroeconomic balance and negotiating a SAP with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), the challenge is to sustain these efforts and to implement reforms needed to unleash private initiative and economic activity.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Over the past several years, USAID's program of assistance in support of an improved environment for private initiative focused on assisting the Government of Madagascar (GOM) in its efforts to strengthen macroeconomic management and establish the conditions necessary to promote financial market development and private sector growth. Support to the Central Bank was aimed at establishing the Bank's independence and strengthening its capacity to conduct sound monetary policy. Significant progress was made toward realizing these objectives as measured by the dramatic reduction in the Central Bank's advances to the Treasury (from 9.8% of gross domestic product in 1994 to 4% in 1996) and in the rate of inflation (from 61.2% in 1994 to 8.3% in 1996). Technical support has also been provided to the National Savings Bank of Madagascar (CEM), the foremost institution serving low-income clients. Since USAID began working with the CEM, its client base has grown by more than 100,000, and its deposit base is up threefold. Support to the Central Bank is scheduled to end by the end of FY 1998. Newer activities are aimed at establishing a legal and judicial framework which enables and encourages private initiative and promotes more informed public participation in economic and legal issues.
The GOM formed the National Business Law Reform Commission to provide leadership in reforming the country's commercial codes, and increased its budget by 43% in 1997 for the administration of justice. This increase has enabled the Ministry of Justice to fund long-overdue upgrades to the nation's courts. With the aim of strengthening public financial accountability, USAID has provided training in modern audit methods to auditors at the Chamber of Accounts and the Inspector General. Training in financial management to the finance directors of major municipalities strengthened their capacity to assume expanded managerial roles associated with fiscal decentralization. Informed public debate on key public interest issues has also been promoted via USAID's support for Rary, an activity implemented by a U.S. private voluntary organization (PVO), PACT. This activity has helped improve the flow of information and communication between "powerholders" and citizens' groups on key policy issues in two large cities of Madagascar.
Description: USAID is implementing targeted interventions aimed at improving the legal, policy, and financial conditions for investment and trade. Madagascar's legal and judicial system at present discourages economic actors from taking risks and making productive investments. USAID is providing technical assistance, training, and limited commodities to help the GOM and legal community reform the commercial codes and judicial system. Complementing this activity, USAID is continuing its work in support of improved public financial accountability to strengthen the Chamber of Accounts' capacity to conduct quality audits using modern audit techniques. Work is underway to sensitize the Malagasy public and government to the importance of fighting corruption and improving transparency in public administration. Another key constraint to promoting private initiative in Madagascar is the lack of reliable access to basic financial services. Building on USAID's significant contributions to the CEM, USAID proposes to continue its support of this institution as the CEM makes the transition from a public establishment to an independent company. Support will focus on ensuring the CEM's financial sustainability and operational effectiveness.
USAID proposes to build on its ongoing work to improve the flow of information and exchange of views between powerholders and citizens on key public interest issues. Support would aim at strengthening civil society groups' capacity to analyze key public interest issues and facilitate informed exchange between their constituents and policymakers. Support for the expansion of the internet under the Leland Initiative also strongly encourages improved public information and dialogue. USAID will also continue to provide limited assistance to support quality economic analyses of issues of importance to achieve USAID's program objectives and goal of reducing poverty in Madagascar. Current support includes collaborative work between Cornell University and the National Statistics Institute on the analysis of poverty in Madagascar and the effects of policy change on poverty and income distribution. Other analytical work involves the analysis of agricultural marketing policies and conditions and their relationship to the welfare and productivity of rural households. Finally, USAID seeks to provide support to analyze the trade and investment regime and its impact on Madagascar's resource allocation and growth potential. As a first step, USAID proposes to conduct an "investor road map" -- an analysis of the steps an individual or company must take to invest in Madagascar.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOM strongly supports USAID's programs in legal and judicial reform, providing the equivalent of not less than $500,000 in cash or kind which includes $250,000 in investment and personnel costs for the Ministry of Justice and the courts. In-kind contributions are also provided by the GOM ministries and agencies collaborating on policy analyses.
USAID is executing its program of assistance in support of key elements of the SAP in collaboration with our major donor partners. The World Bank has two projects which most directly support the Structural Adjustment Program: the Public Management Capacity Building Project -- providing support ($2 million) for civil service reform, legal and judicial reform, decentralization, and support to the Technical Secretariat for Structural Reform and the National Statistics Agency; and the Private Sector Development Project (PATESP) -- the principal donor vehicle providing support for privatization. PATESP also supports the Competitiveness Committee and the Private Sector Support Fund to promote the participation of business leaders in policy dialogue and to finance small and medium enterprise investments ($5.9 million). The World Bank and European Union are the principal donors supporting improved tax and customs administration. Several donors are operating in the area of microfinance: the World Bank, which is planning a second phase of its support ($750,000) to promote savings and credit network; the French, who support regional groupings of small savings and credit operations; and the United Nations Develop Program which will support ($904,000) microcredit groups in two regions of Madagascar.
Beneficiaries: All Malagasy households and businesses will benefit from an improved environment for private initiative and increased confidence to invest and employ their resources productively. Additionally, the GOM will benefit from its strengthened capacity to develop and implement sound policies and laws promoting private initiative.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements current activities through various profit and non-profit institutions including Cornell University; the International Food Policy Research Institute; a U.S. PVO, a U.S. minority firm, and a Malagasy law firm. Future activities will be implemented through U.S. and Malagasy firms, and local non-government organizations.
Major Results Indicators Baseline Target Deposits at National Savings Bank $3.25 million (1992) $11 million (1999) Public issues discussed with the participation of civil society 0 (1996) 6 (1999) Number of areas of law (financial, company, property, and labor) reformed 0 (1997) 4 (2001) Key policies and actions taken by GOM to increase trade and investment 0 (1997) 10 (2002)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Madagascar
TITLE AND NUMBER: Smaller, Healthier Families, 687-SO02
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1999, $2,900,000 CSD; $3,500,000 DA; $5,941,179 P.L. 480, Title II
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To improve the well-being of families by reducing the average number of children born to each woman; improving the health and nutritional status of children under five; and preventing the spread of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Madagascar has serious health and population problems. Its current population of 14.2 million will double in 25 years if the annual growth rate of 2.8% is not slowed. Of every 1,000 children born, 162 die before the age of five and over half of those children who live are stunted from malnutrition. Less than 15% of Malagasy women use contraceptives. The prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) is exceptionally high which poses the threat of rapid spread of AIDS in the future if effective action is not taken now.
USAID is using a two-tiered approach under this program: (a) intensive work in field sites at local levels to initiate programs, refine tools and create partnerships between communities and health centers, and (b) more extensive work at the national level to influence policies, strengthen networks and improve systems. USAID has forged a strong partnership among representatives of the Ministry of Health, local non-governmental organizations and USAID contractors and grantees, which permits concerted, effective action and increases the sustainability of programs initiated with USAID funding. USAID's role in coordinating multiple public and private-sector partners, including other donors, has amplified the impact of USAID funds for health, population and nutrition programs. A key objective is to increase the number of health centers offering high quality family planning and child survival services, and to increase the numbers of people using these services by focusing on client needs and concerns. Another important goal of the program is to use P.L. 480 Title II food aid effectively in support of improved health and nutritional status. Results to date are impressive; the use of modern contraceptive methods has increased from 5% in 1992 to an estimated 12% in 1997. In 1996, USAID launched a condom sales program targeted to young adults and other groups at risk of infection of AIDS which resulted in sales of over 3 million condoms within 18 months of start-up. USAID initiated a variety of child survival programs in 1996, and community-level programs are underway. USAID is the principal supporter of a Polio Eradication Initiative which resulted in an estimated 99% coverage of children under one year with oral vaccine in the first year of the campaign. Overall immunization coverage has also increased, with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus toxoid (DPT3) coverage increased from 43% in 1991 to 61% in 1996. A policy in support of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness has been adopted by the Government of Madagascar (GOM) as a result of USAID technical assistance.
Description: USAID focuses on five activities: (a) increasing the use of modern contraceptives; (b) improving the health of children age five and under; (c) preventing AIDS and STIs through activities targeted to high-risk populations; (d) increasing the dissemination of quality program data and the use of these data by health program managers in day-to-day implementation; and (e) integrating the P.L. 480 food aid program with the child survival program to increase food security and improve development impact. A key focus of USAID support is to strengthen the capacity of local organizations to provide high quality services. For key program elements (family planning, child survival and AIDS prevention), USAID provides funds for local public and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) through a sub-grant mechanism.
This Strategic Objective targets two regions which include slightly over half of the total population of the country. For family planning, the program supports technical assistance, training, provision of
contraceptives, equipment, and some local costs. An innovative aspect of the program is provision of family planning methods at worksites such as factories and plantations, which has attracted thousands of new clients. For child survival, USAID supports the national immunization program through a grant to UNICEF, promotes community-based health education and behavior change, and supports the improvement of health care services through training, technical assistance and provision of clinical equipment. An important strategy to improve child health is the involvement of communities in promoting changes in care-taking behavior, such as improved child feeding and immunization of all children. For AIDS prevention, USAID is implementing the highly successful social marketing program for condom use, and is adding new activities to promote behavior change in key "hot zones" of the country, to be implemented by U.S.-registered Private Voluntary Organizations (U.S. PVOs).
Droughts, cyclones, and locust infestations are regular "plagues" in Madagascar which greatly affect food security and nutritional status. Under the pressure of repeated natural disasters, child health cannot be maintained or improved without improving food security and disaster management. USAID has helped set up an inter-agency Disaster Response Steering Committee and continues to play a lead role in disaster preparation, mitigation and prevention. At the same time, U.S. PVO grantees and other partners are supported under USAID's P.L. 480 Title II program to improve the food security of vulnerable populations and to make the transition from disaster response to development. Even with scarce food resources, much can be done to reduce malnutrition rates among young children. Catholic Relief Services (CRS), the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) and CARE have programs which use USAID food resources for development and food security, with a focus on utilization of available food to reduce malnutrition. The CRS child health program includes community-based identification of malnutrition, with food aid provided for pregnant women and malnourished children below the age of two.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOM places a high priority on child survival and family planning, and the national health policy calls for key reforms in decentralization of the health system, initiation of cost recovery, and improvements in drug management. USAID provides 70% of donor funds for the national family planning program; United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) covers 20%; and Germany 10%, in a highly collaborative effort. For child health, the World Bank, France and the European Union provide funds for health system development and national drug policy (50% of overall donor support for health). The United Nations agencies including UNICEF, World Health Organization and the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS provide 30% of donor support and USAID contributes strong technical leadership and 20% of all funding related to child health, focusing on key interventions to produce maximum impact. Over the coming three years, USAID and the World Bank will provide 80% of total funding for AIDS prevention, with Germany, the European Union and UNICEF providing the remaining 20%.
Beneficiaries: Women of child-bearing age and children under five years represent 42% of Madagascar's estimated 1996 population of 13.3 million. USAID programs will reach 2.5 million women and children by 1999.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID implements activities through a U.S. non-profit institution, Management Sciences for Health, a U.S. non-profit consortium (Partnership for Child Health), Peace Corps, CARE International, CRS, ADRA, the GOM, 25 local NGOs, and UNICEF.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target Average lifetime fertility per woman 6.1 (1991) 4.8 (2002) Contraceptive prevalence rate (%) 5% (1991) 14% (1997) Immunization Coverage DPT3 43% (1992) 75% (1999) Number of family planning clinics 150 (1992) 750 (1999) Child health policies in place 0 (1996) 4 (1998)
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: MADAGASCAR
TITLE AND NUMBER: Biologically-Diverse Ecosystems Conserved in Priority Conservation Zones, 687-SO03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 1999: $7,900,000 DA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To conserve biologically diverse ecosystems in priority conservation zones of Madagascar through improved natural resources management.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID has been a lead donor to Madagascar's National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) since 1990, providing support in the areas of biodiversity conservation, forest management planning, policy development, and institutional strengthening. One key result in these areas is the establishment of a Malagasy institution to manage national parks and reserves (the National Association for the Management of Protected Areas). USAID also supports the National Office of the Environment in policy formulation and implementation coordination. In 1995, the National Assembly approved a new law requiring environmental review for all investments in Madagascar, and the Government of Madagascar (GOM) established the first private Malagasy environmental foundation called "Tany Meva" (Beautiful Country) to finance local-level environmental management efforts. Tany Meva became operational in 1997, with the first national-level foundation grants being given by this private agency. In 1996, the National Forest Service adopted a policy of preparing environment impact studies for all forest management plans. Over the past year, USAID has supported the development and implementation of four forest management plans which will serve as models for local participation in the planning process as well as to encourage local participation in the general management of the forest. Revised stumpage fees for commercial timber species and other forest products have produced a 12-fold increase in forest revenue collection over a three year period. This increase has directly funded field activities of the National Forest Service. Efforts to achieve the goal of encouraging positive changes in local level natural resource use have shown that communities in conservation priority zones are adopting alternatives to destructive resource use practices. Community associations and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in five priority zones are recipients of grants which promote sustainable natural resource management and capacity building of village groups to diminish pressures on the natural resource base. Further, village development committees receive a share of park entrance fees for community-managed projects, thereby establishing a conservation/development link.
Description: The second five-year phase of Madagascar's National Environmental Action Plan (1997 -2001) focuses on the transfer of natural resource management responsibility from centralized to local and regional Malagasy institutions. USAID will focus on results in two broad areas: (1) foster biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management based on an applied landscape ecology approach; and (2) establish a national level enabling environment (policies, institutions, financial mechanisms, and information) necessary for NEAP success.
In the first priority area of sustainable natural resources management, the program will work closely with government, the private sector, NGOs, local communities and other donors in and around protected areas (national parks and reserves), in national forests, and in broader (regional) landscapes. The program will demonstrate innovative approaches for managing protected areas, forests and agricultural areas to meet both conservation and development needs. These efforts will highlight park and forest management, local community participation, more efficient and sustainable use of natural resources, the development and application of selected agro-ecological policies and technologies, promotion of conservation enterprises and the development of a eco-regional planning process. The second priority area of the program will continue USAID's work at a national level assuring enabling conditions for a positive policy environment. These policies and procedures help to assure ecologicaland sustainable development within a conservation context. This priority area also provides basic administrative and financial capacity building for key GOM and private environmental institutions, as well as creates sustainable financing mechanisms for designated institutions. A final component of this area is the establishment and use of low-cost information technologies and program monitoring and evaluation systems that will provide necessary information to decision makers in the environmental arena.
Host Country and Other Donors: The GOM strongly supports the NEAP, providing 20% of the total program costs through contributions to operating costs and tax reductions. The NEAP provides an overall framework for the intervention of donors with the goal to maximize the use of available resources and to avoid the duplication of efforts. The World Bank has provided institutional support to key NEAP institutions and funding for micro-projects to address the problems of soil and water conservation. Sweden has been instrumental in the development of a new forest policy and, along with Germany, will promote its implementation within the Malagasy Forest Service. The United Nations Development Program has been active in setting biodiversity priority and support through funds from the Global Environment Facility. France provides primary support to establishing an effective environmental information management system. USAID will provide $22 million to directly support the $150 million NEAP program and another $18 million to support rural development and financial sustainability activities which indirectly support the NEAP. The U.S. Government is considered the second largest donor in the environmental sector after the World Bank with $30 million. Germany will contribute $8.4 million, Sweden $6 million, France $4.6 million and the United Nation Development Program $2 million.
Beneficiaries: The primary beneficiaries of the environmental program are the subsistence farmers and natural resource consumers who live in the villages in and around the national forests, national parks and protected areas. Improvements in national level policies will have the long term effect of benefitting the population as a whole, creating more natural spaces under protected areas management, and assuring a legacy of environmental sustainability for future generations.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through U.S. firms, the Peace Corps, the United States Geological Survey, U.S. and local NGOs, and U.S. Universities. Current grantees and contractors include World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Cornell University, University of New York at Stony Brook, Chemonics, International Rice Research Institute, Tropical Forest Management Trust and the International Resources Group.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target Natural habitats contained in Malagasy 1,120,472 (1993) 1,500,000 (2001) national parks (no. of hectares) Percentage of qualified park management 0% (1992) 90% (2001) plans developed and implemented Percentage of qualified forest-management 0% (1992) 95% (2001) plans developed/implemented Number of community participation events 0 (1992) 100 (2001) in priority zones that support alternatives to destructive practices
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