Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
FY 1998 Assistance to Central Europe Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $225,000,000 FY 1998 P.L. 480 Title II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,569,000 Introduction
Maintaining peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Bosnia) is of direct importance to U.S. strategic and economic interests in Europe. The Balkan conflict not only produced an intense humanitarian crisis and massive bloodshed, but also disrupted economic development and trade in Southern Europe and created tensions within the broader international community. The U.S.-brokered Dayton Peace Accords and the associated multinational military and civilian peace implementation efforts have resulted in a year of peace in Bosnia, where not one Bosnian has died in military conflict. While there continue to be difficulties in getting the Bosnian parties to work together, there has been some progress toward establishing the civilian institutions needed to cement the peace over the longer term, as evidenced by the September 1996 election of a common presidency and parliament and the recent establishment of the Council of Ministers.Continued U.S. commitment to support the fragile peace is critical. In November 1996, the United States pledged its participation in a multinational Stabilization Force (SFOR) as a follow-on to the larger Implementation Force (IFOR) which has guaranteed the peace in Bosnia over the past year. Equally important, and closely related, is the U.S. commitment to support international efforts to promote economic revitalization in Bosnia and to create economic and democratic incentives for Bosnians to maintain the peace over the long term. While other donors, particularly the European Union and the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), are expected to assume the greatest financial burden for rebuilding Bosnia, the United States plays an important, supportive and often-times catalytic role in setting the course for sound reconstruction policies and for a market-driven economy. USAIDs lengthy and extensive in-country humanitarian presence enabled us to respond much more rapidly than other donors during the first year of reconstruction assistance. USAID was able to design new programs and make them operational on the ground in a matter of months. As other donors and the international financial institutions continue to gear up for the long-term reconstruction effort, U.S. leadership remains critical.
The U.S. assistance program is an integral part of the missions of both IFOR and SFOR. It is imperative that people quickly see the benefits of economic growth and reconstruction and participate actively in democracy building in order to cement the peace process. This will create the necessary atmosphere and framework for longer-term peace and the withdrawal of U.S. troops. The U.S. assistance program seeks a stable post-war Bosnia with a functioning free-market economy and democratic government.
The Development Challenge
U.S. national interests required our participation in the military support for the peace process initiated with the Dayton Peace Accords. Those same interests also compel continued participation in reconstruction. The war decimated the Bosnian economy, destroying substantial amounts of productive capacity and infrastructure. As a result of the war, GDP per capita fell by 75% and economic production was reduced to 6% of pre-war levels. Major national industries were shut down and may not, and in some cases should not, reopen, while many private enterprises were equally devastated. The Bosnian territory remains riddled with land mines. Schools and hospitals are in terrible shape. The population of Bosnia dropped from a pre-war level of four million to less than three million. With 1.3 million displaced persons in Bosnia, 900,000 in surrounding territories, and 800,000 displaced abroad, resettlement presents a major challenge to the peacemakers, complicated further by the partial or total destruction of over 60% of the housing stock.USAID provided substantial humanitarian assistance throughout the war, although European contributions for humanitarian assistance over this same period have been more than twice the $1 billion U.S. contribution (though predominantly for maintenance costs for refugees in Europe). USAID's Foreign Disaster Assistance program has provided emergency humanitarian programs in the former Yugoslavia, mostly in Bosnia, since FY 1992. NGOs implement the majority of these programs and traditionally work in the sectors of water and sanitation, health, shelter repair and winterization assistance. Typical commodities distributed through the NGOs include supplemental food parcels, blankets, plastic sheeting, basic shelter materials, emergency medical supplies, winter clothing, agricultural seeds, hygiene items and sanitation kits. From FY 1992-95, USAID has provided about $110 million in humanitarian assistance to the former Yugoslavia through the Foreign Disaster Assistance program. During FY 1996, nearly $50 million in International Disaster Assistance funds were provided. The program's mandate focuses on emergency relief and rehabilitation. USAID continuously monitors the humanitarian requirements on the ground, and its programs can phase into longer-term reconstruction projects when emergency humanitarian needs no longer exist. Through the P.L. 480 Title II program, USAID has provided over $340 million in emergency food assistance from 1991-1995, of which over $270 million was programmed through the World Food Programme. The bulk of all food (85%) goes to Bosnia, although USAID-provided food may also feed refugees in other parts of the former Yugoslavia. During FY 1996, an additional $100 million in assistance was provided, and another $25 million in FY 1997 is planned.
Recovery of the economy has begun, but is starting from a level of extreme devastation, particularly in the Bosniac-majority areas. During 1995, the economy grew 7%, but still reached only 20% of the 1990 GDP level in real terms. Growth in 1995 was fueled by a 28% rate in the Federation, while weighed down by negative growth of 23% in the Republika Srpska (RS) which suffered dramatically from UN-imposed economic sanctions. During the first half of 1996, industrial production in the Bosniac-majority area rose 70% relative to the same period in 1995, though this still brought the area to just 8% of its 1991 level of production. This was accompanied by a rise in employment of 50% in 1995 and an additional 10% in the first half of 1996. Despite this, only 35% of the civilian labor force was employed by mid-1996. The most important task facing Bosnia is the reactivation of productive capacity, creating jobs and income, so that people no longer depend on humanitarian assistance. The resumption of economic activity will also enable the expected 100,000 demobilized soldiers to be reintegrated into their communities with gainful employment, thereby acquiring a stake in a lasting economic recovery. Paralleling the reconstruction process, the country needs to build the legal and financial framework and create a conducive environment for a private sector market economy. Bosnia faces a severe balance of payments deficit since the country must import most of the goods and services required for reconstruction. The current account deficit in 1995 reached $500 million, equal to 20% of Bosnia's GDP. A substantial portion of USAID resources will be geared towards bridging this balance of payments gap to help ensure compliance with a structural adjustment program supported by International Financial Institutions.
The development of a strong, pluralistic democracy and enduring democratic institutions are key elements to building a peaceful, just and multi-ethnic society in post-war Bosnia. The peaceful conduct of elections in September 1996 was an important step toward the creation of national-level elected institutions in Bosnia. Municipal elections are currently planned for mid-1997. The challenges in moving toward a democratic Bosnia are daunting, however. Nationalist sentiments were validated through the election process, resulting in authoritarian political parties without substantial opposition in each of the ethnic-majority areas. To a large extent, these parties control the flow of information through the media. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), to the extent they exist at all, are weak and focus mainly on humanitarian and community activities -- few are involved in advocacy.
USAID is making efforts to foster ethnic reconciliation, where possible, in the implementation of assistance. While there is still a great degree of ethnic mistrust, there are some signs of reconciliation. The Arizona market, established in the Brcko-Posavina corridor in northeast Bosnia, near the border with Croatia, is one sign of hope. The market, the security of which is guaranteed by the internationalmilitary, has become a place where ethnic Bosniacs, Croats and Serbs come to barter and sell goods. Through the MIS program, USAID is funding a multi-ethnic effort to repair a war-damaged rail bridge connecting Bosnia with Croatia at Brcko. Repair of the Mak Dizdar school in Ilidza has allowed the multi-ethnic student body to return to their school for the beginning of the 1996 school year. Through the efforts of USAID-funded advisors, an informal working group on fiscal and financial issues has been established among officials from the State, Federation and RS Ministries of Finance as well as local government representatives from Federation cantons and the RS.
Finally, it is important to note that there are positive elements in Bosnia's pre-war economic situation which may smooth the road towards economic reconstruction and democratic reform. The country has significant productive capacity and potential for creating jobs. The relative openness of the former Yugoslav economy, the limited but growing presence of private enterprise, and established links to international markets even during the Communist period can serve as a foundation for post-war reconstruction. A sizable portion of Bosnia's pre-war exports were directed to western and other convertible currency markets and Bosnia traditionally had a balance of payments surplus. The country also has a resilient, entrepreneurial, and well-educated population capable of leading the way to economic recovery and a democratic peace. Further, the country has a tradition of municipal autonomy and decentralized administration that offer promise for local democratic governance.
Other Donors
The international donor community and the international financial institutions will ultimately have to assume the largest share of the costs involved in rebuilding war-torn Bosnia. The United States' contribution, in the short-term, is meant to be a catalyst for larger-scale, long-term commitments by other donors. The World Bank estimates that Bosnia will require over $5.1 billion to finance high priority reconstruction projects. The U.S. concurs in this estimate. Of this amount, $3 billion is to be covered by individual donor states; the rest by International Financial Institutions and foreign direct investment. Thus, the U.S. commitment to contribute $600 million over the 1996-1998 period represents 20% of the World Bank's estimate of the bilateral share of reconstruction needs. While the United States has assumed a leadership role in market reform, employment generation and democracy-strengthening, other donors will be heavily involved in financing sectoral programs with particular emphasis on infrastructure.
FY 1998 Program
A lasting measure of the ultimate success of the IFOR and SFOR missions will be economic recovery in Bosnia Herzegovina. U.S. leadership and active engagement is essential to the peace process and to the success of the reconstruction and development effort which support economic recovery. USAID's FY 1996 program helped lay the groundwork and create a conducive environment for an enduring and just peace in Bosnia. The FY 1997-1998 program builds directly upon these efforts to expand economic productivity and employment, and support democratic growth. Major initiatives in private and financial sector development, legal reform, municipal infrastructure, as well as democracy and Federation building will continue to serve as the primary avenues of USAID assistance.
Strategic Goal: Social Stabilization
The U.S. assistance program focuses on economic and democracy-building aspects of the recovery of Bosnia from the devastation of war. Revitalizing the Bosnian economy to increase employment and supporting the development of the private sector through the reconstruction process will be primary goals of the USAID program in 1998. The rapid injection of capital into the Bosnian economy to jumpstart production and generate immediate employment, will be supplemented by the development of the necessary financial systems and legal framework to maintain economic growth. USAID programs and technical assistance will support the reconstruction and privatization of viable state-owned enterprises and continue to promote the efficient use of fiscal resources at the national,cantonal, and municipal level. The third year of the Reconstruction Finance project will see more decision-making responsibility and accountability transferred to Bosnian commercial banks as a way of strengthening a modern and efficient private financial sector.
Democracy assistance in FY 1996 was heavily focused on activities supporting the September 1996 elections. The increased emphasis on developing nongovernmental aspects of a civil society, begun in FY 1997, will be continued in FY 1998. The role of the independent media in ensuring free and open flow of information for Bosnia's citizens will continue to be critical as will support for moderate political parties within a functioning democratic political system. In the long term, a pluralistic civil society will be essential and thus the role of nongovernmental organizations, as advocates for citizen interests and avenues for citizen participation, must be strengthened. Finally, with the election of new governmental bodies and the creation of new government institutions, support will be needed to build the capacity of local government and strengthen judicial institutions ranging from Constitutional to municipal courts to Bar and other legal associations.
Strategic Objective: Recovery from Crisis
BOSNIA
FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY*
Strategic Objectives
Economic Restructuring Democratic Transition
Social Stabilization Cross-cutting and Special Initiatives Total Recovery from Crisis -- -- 225,000,000 -- 225,000,000 PL 480 Title II -- -- 6,569,000 -- 6,569,000 TOTAL -- -- 231,569,000 -- 231,569,000 *$225,000,000, Support for East European (SEED) Act funds
USAID Mission Director: Craig Buck
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA
TITLE: Recovery from Crisis, 180-S003.1
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $225,000,000 SEED;
$6,569,000 P.L. 480
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000
Purpose: To create a stable, democratic post-war Bosnia Herzegovina with strong institutions and a market economy.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID has played an important role in jumpstarting Bosnia's recovery by quickly putting in place reconstruction programs to repair housing and community infrastructure and to help re-restart businesses with quick disbursing loans. USAID's reconstruction programs generate employment and provide balance-of-payments support to the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The programs were designed and initiated in a matter of months, and are already producing results on the ground. U.S. PVOs involved in USAID's Emergency Shelter Repair program have completed repairs on 2,548 homes, providing shelter for 12,500 people in 44 villages throughout Bosnia and creating over 2,000 jobs. Through the Bosnia Reconstruction Finance Facility (BRFF), quick disbursing loans are being provided to restart and expand commercially viable businesses and generate jobs, particularly for demobilized soldiers and women. As of December 1996, 43 loans had been made totalling $24 million and contributing to the creation of over 6,000 jobs. Recipients have included a producer of roofing materials, an independent publishing house, a clothing firm, a fruit producer and a furniture plant. The BRFF program works through 23 Bosnian "agent" banks, and is working with staff from these banks to improve their skills so that, over time, they will be able to take on increasing responsibility within the program. USAID's Municipal Infrastructure and Services (MIS) program finances the repair and reconstruction of basic economic infrastructure damaged during the war. Through this program, local contractors are repairing municipal electricity distribution systems crucial to economic recovery, resurfacing roads, repairing bridges including a key railway bridge, reconstructing flood dikes, repairing municipal water systems, and rebuilding local schools and health facilities. Where possible, focus is on cross-entity projects which foster cooperation between the Federation and Republika Srpska. Projects worth about $54 million are currently underway, including repair of the Kakanj Thermal Power Plant outside of Sarajevo, critical to ensuring electricity for Sarajevo and its environs this winter. Only 43 days after the start of this project, a ceremony marked the firing up of one of the boilers at Kakanj. Under MIS, USAID is implementing a community-level infrastructure rehabilitation program (CIRP) in close partnership with US-IFOR and local municipalities. CIRP projects are designed to have maximum employment impact for demobilized soldiers and over 100 projects are currently underway in both the Federation and Republika Srpska. Overall, USAID coordinates its assistance program using the natural linkages among ESP, MIS, BRFF, USAID democracy-related projects, the humanitarian assistance efforts of DART, as well as the work of other donors, to ensure that project implementation focuses on reestablishing communities as viable social and economic units, which fosters economic recovery and encourages the return of displaced persons.
USAID's economic technical assistance plays a critical role in reinforcing Bosnia's economic recovery and ensuring its sustainability in a private sector context. A USAID-funded macroeconomic advisor is working closely with the State and Federation Prime Minister on issues related to intergovernmental finance, tax administration, the establishment of a Currency Board, and balance of payments management. The U.S. Treasury, using SEED funds, has placed several long-term advisors in Bosnia to improve the budgetary expenditure process, rationalize the tax administration system including drafting the Tax Administration Law enacted in October 1996, assist the GOBH in normalizing international financial relations and assemble data for negotiations with official bilateral and commercial creditors, develop a legal and regulatory framework for bank restructuring and privatization, andassistance in establishing a domestic debt market. USAID assisted in drafting a Privatization Agency Law, which passed the Parliament in October 1996, and assisted the GOBH's multi-ethnic privatization expert team. USAID also advised the GOBH on drafting key privatization legislation and conducted training on privatization for Federation and canton governments, state-owned enterprises, business associations, media and universities. Nearly 400 bankers (67% women) have been trained through twelve USAID seminars and on-the-job training. USAID advisors helped establish the Federation Banking Agency (FBA), including preparation of an organizational structure, strategic plan, a statute and rule book for the FBA Executive Board's operations and budgeting, and supervision inspection and licensing principles and procedures. USAID advisors have also completed an Enhanced Supervisory Review of two socially-owned banks. In five months, the U.S.-funded Bosnian Business Assistance Center (BBAC) has helped over 150 Bosnian companies (with combined potential employment of over 10,000 people) to re-start war-damaged production facilities, develop sound business strategies, improve financial management and implement Western accounting practices, create viable marketing plans, upgrade factory management, install management information software, prepare privatization plans and access in-country donor credit lines. Lastly, customs advisors have completed a training plan to spur the modernization and development of the Federation Customs Administration.
In the democracy area, American advisors played an important role in providing election-related assistance for the OSCE-administered national elections in September 1996. USAID supported voter education programs in Bosnia and among Bosnian refugees in Croatia. The American Bar Association (ABA), using SEED funds, has helped the Federation Constitutional Court and Supreme Court develop rules and procedures and assisted in the creation of a Federation-wide judges association dedicated to promoting independence of the judiciary. The ABA is also helping establish sister law school ties between the Sarajevo Law School and U.S. schools. Through USAID's fiscal federalism program, advisors are working with Zenica and Tuzla cantons and 5-6 municipalities in each canton to develop sound and transparent budgeting practices, including the separation of operational and capital budgets. Standard budget classification codes developed in the Ministry of Finance with the assistance of USG advisors are now being used by cantons and municipalities. With such assistance, the municipality of Maglaj became the first municipality to hold a public budget hearing in November 1996.
Nearly 100 Bosnian professionals have benefitted from U.S.-based training through USAID's participant training program, including a recent group of 50 Bosnian bankers, political party representatives, lawyers and tax officials. Trainees from the FY 1995 group have been putting their skills to work: nine were promoted shortly after their return from training, several have established or maintained business contacts in the United States, one used his experience to help draft major privatization legislation, one reconstructed his local government based on exposure to U.S. models, and one was a candidate for the Federation presidency in the September 1996 elections. Returned participants have trained an additional 300 Bosnian professionals.
Description: USAID's reconstruction assistance for Bosnia has three major components: economic revitalization programs to help jumpstart the economy, generate employment and provide balance of payments support; economic technical assistance programs to reinforce the economic recovery and ensure that command-economy structures are reformed rather than rebuilt; and democracy promotion programs to encourage development of strong, enduring democratic institutions and processes.
Key economic revitalization activities include the Municipal Infrastructure and Services (MIS) program and the Bosnia Reconstruction Finance Facility (BRFF). The MIS program supports the return of former residents to war-damaged towns and villages by reconstructing infrastructure systems and selected community facilities. The program focuses on whole communities by restoring electric power, water, sanitation, roads, schools and other public services and facilities. Local builders carry out construction and local labor, materials and equipment are used to the maximum extent possible in order to generate greater local economy ability. The program is financed through balance-of-payments grants to the Federation Government which are placed in a separate account and disbursed, upon written concurrence of the USG, to the MIS contractor. The BRFF program provides balance-of-payments support and liquidity to the economy through the provision of loans to commercially viable enterprises. Dollar disbursements under the program are used to purchase Deutsche Marks (DM), an official currency in Bosnia and the preferred medium of exchange. The DM are deposited into a separate account, jointly controlled by USAID and the GoBH, for on-lending to viable private sector enterprises. The program is implemented by an On-lending Management Unit (OMU), under contract to USAID and staffed by a team of U.S. bankers, accountants, and Bosnian staff, housed at the National Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina. The OMU has responsibility for assessing the enterprise applications for credit and recommending credit decisions to USAID. Twenty-three Bosnian commercial banks are acting as agents, bringing the loan applications of their clients to the OMU. These two programs form the cornerstone of USAID's reconstruction assistance in Bosnia.
Economic technical assistance activities include a variety of advisory services to the Government and the financial and enterprise sectors. Macroeconomic advisory services promote the successful operation of USAID balance-of-payments assistance programs and assist the GOBH in managing and tracking large balance-of-payments inflows from all donors to ensure consistency with Bosnia's macroeconomic program. USAID's commercial bank training activity is closely coordinated with the BRFF program. Staff from the BRFF agent banks are trained in a variety of skill areas, with a focus on risk assessment, loan structuring and operational procedures allowing Bosnian bankers and banks to take on a larger role in the BRFF program. Through a bank supervision activity, USAID helps strengthen the on- and off-site supervision capabilities of the newly created Federation Banking Agency, and assist the FBA in developing and implementing new policies and procedures for licensing banks and dealing with problem banks. The enterprise recovery and revitalization program assists businesses with the development of loan applications and business plans and provides consulting services to Bosnian firms to help them re-start or strengthen operations and develop their comparative advantage. Customs administration assistance, provided in close partnership with the European Union, offers training for Bosnia Herzegovina's customs officials within the Federation Customs Administration and strengthens the legal environment for implementation of the February 1995 Customs Law. USAID's privatization program trains Federation and canton officials in privatization strategies and enterprise preparation, aims to establish the legal foundation allowing privatization to occur, increases public awareness and participation in the privatization process, and inventories assets to determine the universe of enterprises which might be privatized.
Democracy assistance is focused in the following areas: election and political party development, independent media, civic society and nongovernmental organizations development, governance, and rule of law. Election-related programs include: targeted support for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) which will administer municipal elections in Bosnia in 1997; training and material support to strengthen local-level political party organizations; and voter education programs. Our media programs provide support for independent television and radio stations in improving station management, business practices, and programming, as well as training aimed at improving the TVIN network. USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives assists in the development of independent radio and print media. NGO development programs include seed money and institution-building support for advocacy-oriented indigenous NGOs which represent citizen views to the government as well as civic initiatives and projects which involve communities working together. In the governance area, SEED-funded projects support strengthening of intergovernmental relationships between Bosnia's Federation institutions, and cantonal and municipal budgeting and financial management systems. Activities focus on helping make government procedures more transparent and parliament more accessible to citizens. Rule of law programs include support to newly-formed Federation and national-level courts, particularly canton courts, as well as support for lawyers' and judges associations
A participant training program which provides U.S.-based training in a wide variety of democracy and economic restructuring areas is a key activity reinforcing the entire program.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID's BRFF program was designed to be complementary to the World Bank's $30 million emergency Revolving Line of Credit. The MIS program was designed to target small-scale basic economic infrastructure, leaving larger projects to the World Bank and the European Union. MIS projects are selected based on priority needs identified under the World Bank's reconstruction program and by the GOBH. USAID's economic advisors actively coordinate with the IMF and World Bank, often serving as a critical source of continuity and information for the numerous IMF and World Bank teams coming into and out of Bosnia. USAID has coordinated closely with the World Bank in establishing conditionality in the banking sector. USAID chairs the Industry Task Force, one of 11 donor coordination task forces organized by the World Bank and European Union. In this role, USAID contractors have developed a donor activity inventory to avoid the potential for duplication and facilitate coordination.
Donor coordination is also important in the democracy area. USAID is working with the Soros Foundation, the BBC and the Office of the United Nations High Representative in efforts to support the TVIN network (also called the Open Broadcast Network). USAID also coordinates with the European Union on support for independent media. In terms of political party development, USAID works with the German political party foundations along with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In the governance area, USAID is coordinating closely with the World Bank, which is planning a new local government assistance program, as well as a budgeting/public expenditures project at the municipality and canton levels. The Soros Law Center is a locus of activity for rule of law programs in Bosnia, and the ABA works in close coordination with the Center in implementing USAID-funded rule of law activities.
Beneficiaries: Because of the broad nature of this objective, the beneficiaries include all residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina. More specifically, the BRFF program benefits enterprise recipients of BRFF loans, the commercial banking sector, workers for whom jobs are created (often women and demobilized soldiers), and the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina which receives the balance-of-payments benefit. The MIS program is expected to benefit about 100,000 displaced families through repaired basic utility and other community services. Economic technical assistance programs directly benefit the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank, the Federation Banking Agency, customs service, business associations, local business consulting firms, private entrepreneurs and privatizing firms. Democracy assistance directly benefits political parties, voters, civic groups, Parliament, independent television, radio and newspapers, and the audiences of independent media outlets.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities under this Strategic Objective through private American and local companies such as the Ralph M. Parsons Company and local construction firms; through U.S. and local consulting firms such as Development Alternatives, Inc., the Recovery Group, Price Waterhouse and KPMG/Barents Group; through U.S.-based and local NGOs and PVOs, such as the International City/County Management Association, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems and the International Rescue Committee; and through other USG agencies such as The Department of Treasury and the U.S. Information Agency.
Major Results Indicators: Due to the special nature of this program, baselines and annual targets have not been established. Illustrative indicators include the following.
Real GDP growth.
Unemployment rate.
Number of jobs created through USAID programs.
Number of BRFF "agent" banks taking on own lending.
Number of residents provided with repaired infrastructure and restored services.
Foreign exchange reserves measured in months of imports.
Financial system providing financing to private entrepreneurs.
Private sector investment in industry.
Number of local NGOs promoting citizen concerns.
Public confidence in the courts.
Self-generated revenue of cantons and municipalities.
Opposition viewpoints expressed in print and broadcast media.
Political party platforms are communicated to citizens and reflect citizen input.
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