Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).
ZIMBABWE
FY 1998 Development Fund for Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $15,300,000 Introduction
U.S. national interest in Zimbabwe lies in supporting the role that this nation plays as a leader in demonstrating economic and political stability in the Africa region. Though Zimbabwe's performance under its economic reform program has been mixed, it has made impressive progress toward a market-oriented economy which should lead to greater foreign investment, including investment from the American private sector. The United States values Zimbabwe's participation in regional international peacekeeping activities and would like that involvement to continue. Our development assistance program--geared toward assisting Zimbabwe along the sometimes bumpy structural adjustment path--is intended to enhance Zimbabwe's chance of becoming one of several emerging economic success stories in the southern Africa region.The United States has a keen interest in increasing the potential for Zimbabwe's economic success. U.S. assistance influences the continuation of free market reforms which are essential to building linkages between Zimbabwean enterprises and foreign investors, including those in the American private sector. As the United States is Zimbabwe's fourth leading trading partner after South Africa, Germany and the United Kingdom, assisting in the development of markets for U.S. goods and services is in the national interest of the United States. (In 1995 Zimbabwe imported $113.2 million in U.S. merchandise and exported $158.4 million worth to the U.S.) As Zimbabwe's economy grows, the beneficial secondary effects will include an increasingly viable trading partner in southern Africa that contributes significantly to regional stability.
The United States continues to play a leadership role in helping Zimbabwe in its impressive family planning efforts. Continued progress in achieving lower population growth rates is essential. Progress to date has been impressive (significant increases in contraceptive prevalence and decreases in fertility) and must be sustained. But population growth, on average, still outpaces economic growth. Until Zimbabwe's economic growth rates consistently and substantially surpass its population growth rates, it will be vulnerable to social and political pressure to revert to economic redistribution policies rather than the pursuit of policies that enhance economic growth which, in turn, lead to increased economic equity. Our leadership and continued partnership with Zimbabwe in this domain is critical.
The United States continues to support sustainable natural resources management through decentralization and assistance to the private sector so that communities are able to make decisions on natural resources on behalf of their own citizens. With our resources we are able to creatively influence policy changes while helping local communities to manage their resources and financially benefit from their use through long-term conservation-based development strategies. A few results so far in wildlife management: decreases in poaching, increases in herd size, and revenue streams accruing to rural communities for their use.
Assuming that Zimbabwe is able to find a strategy for staying the course of economic reform in the years to come, the country stands an excellent chance of becoming far less dependent on donor assistance. It follows that USAID/Zimbabwe is one of the Bureau for Africa programs that has recently been named to graduate from U.S. development assistance early in the next decade. The USAID Mission to Zimbabwe has already received approval from USAID/W on a plan for phasing out its direct presence by the end of FY 2003 and is now in the process of developing a strategic plan that follows the basic program summary below. This plan will be presented to USAID/W in mid-FY 97. In addition to adjustments in each of USAID/Zimbabwe's strategic objectives, the Mission continues to pursue the possibility of an endowed Foundation that would permit a new, more sophisticated U.S. Government/Zimbabwe partnership that would focus on areas of mutual interest after the end of USAID's in-country presence in FY 2003. This new, more mature post-USAID relationship will marka significant turning point in our excellent bilateral relationship--one from dependency to one more tuned in to foreign investment.
The Development Challenge
To Zimbabwe's credit, and with USAID support in significant sectors, impressive and measurable progress has been made in all key social indicators since achieving Independence in 1980. Zimbabwe's development indicators compare favorably with those of its neighbors in sub-Saharan Africa. The total fertility rate--the number of children the average Zimbabwean woman will bear during her lifetime--is presently 4.3 compared to the regional average of 6.1. Life expectancy at birth is 61 years compared to a regional average of 52, though this has actually declined slightly from 62 years in 1987. Immunization coverage rates are also relatively high: the percentage of children aged 0-1 inoculated against tuberculosis, DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus), polio, and measles is 95, 85, 85, and 86, respectively, compared with regional averages of 63, 50, 50, and 51, respectively. Finally, illiteracy, at 33% of the population (26% for males and 40% for females), is considerably lower than the regional average of 51% (39% for males and 62% for females).
However, a number of very significant development problems remain. Many are due at least in part to austerity-related declines in real per capita expenditure in the public health budget. Infant and child mortality rates, though greatly reduced from pre-independence levels, have stagnated since 1988, and the maternal mortality rate remains high at 283 deaths per 100,000 live births. Immunization coverage rates risk dropping off if public health budgets are not increased. The country's investment climate, while greatly improved from past years, needs to be stimulated further through broadened participation and a reduced public sector role. Housing shortages remain critically acute, reducing living standards and dampening economic opportunity for low-income families. The HIV/AIDS pandemic--a serious public health menace in Zimbabwe--must also be slowed as it saps the nation of one of its greatest strengths: a well educated human capital base. Better care must be taken to ensure more rational use and participatory stewardship of the natural resource base. Significantly, drought remains a critical economic variable to contend with as Zimbabwe is still recovering from the devastating effects of two droughts in the last four years. Above all, the government's fiscal house must be put in order so that the private sector can perform its role effectively as an engine of national and regional growth.
Despite Zimbabwe's relatively low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita ($520 in 1994), the country has enormous potential. It possesses an educated workforce, a highly diversified economy, and a diversified natural resource base. With the implementation of the first phase of the economic structural adjustment program backed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the country has moved forward on the path toward private sector-led growth. For example, the foreign exchange regime has now been completely unified (the value of the national currency is determined by market forces), and foreign investors are free to remit 100% of earnings outside of the country. In the rural sector--and with USAID assistance--the maize market has been completely liberalized, resulting in greater availability of foodstuffs at cheaper prices. Elimination of subsidies to the central Grain Marketing Board, for example, has greatly reduced pressure on the national budget. These reforms have substantially increased Zimbabwe's prospects for sustained growth and its attractiveness as a target for foreign direct investment, including American investment. In this regard, U.S. exports to Zimbabwe grew at an average annual rate of over 8% between 1985-1994, four times the overall average for sub-Saharan Africa.
U.S. national interest in population programs in the developing world has been demonstrated for decades. Our leadership role in assisting with the stabilization of Zimbabwe's population growth rates complements Zimbabwe's attempts at stimulating economic growth rates. These two rates, though inversely related, are inextricably linked and USAID's interventions in both are logical and justified. There is reason to believe that continued success in the demographic transition will be followed by economic successes if the GOZ makes some hard choices in coming years. USAID involvement in HIV/AIDS prevention is justified on the grounds that it is in the U.S. national interest to protect againstglobal dangers while protecting human health. There are not yet many encouraging signs on the African continent that HIV/AIDS is being contained. However, it is in the U.S. national interest to continue the war on the international theater while continuing the battles at the local levels as national tragedies--like the one in Zimbabwe that is devastating that nation's productive human capital--exacerbate the global problem.
Among low income countries, Zimbabwe is considered "moderately indebted;" it does not have significant debts with external sources. However, the government's domestic borrowing, fed by its need to pay interest on its sizeable domestic debt, has driven up interest rates in recent years and sharply reduced the amount of national savings available for investment by the private sector. In 1996 total public debt stands at roughly 100% of GDP. This is an increase of greater than 43% over last year and is considered unsustainable as interest payments on the debt now approach 10% of GDP.
Zimbabwe's principal national priority over the coming year is to reach an agreement with the IMF on a second five-year phase for its economic structural adjustment program. The IMF continues its dialogue with Zimbabwean authorities over the need to control government spending that has led to large budget deficits, move forward with civil service reform (civil service-related expenditures are the major contributing factor to the national budget) and to advance the privatization of government parastatals. If Zimbabwe makes some of the difficult choices required to enter into another formal structural adjustment program it stands an excellent chance of achieving sustainable, market-driven economic growth over the longer term that will permit broadened participation in the growing economy.
Other Donors
USAID's annual program budget is decreasing as it moves to eventual phase-out by FY 2003: $18.85 million in FY 96, $17.5 million in FY 97, and a projected $15.3 million level in FY 98. Despite these declines, USAID continues to make significant impact in each of its strategic objective areas. In order of decreasing magnitude of assistance, the leading donors (1995) are: Japan with $66 million, the European Development Fund with $60 million, the IMF with $51 million, the United Kingdom with $46 million and Germany with $42 million. At the macro level, donor coordination is assured through the World Bank Consultative Group mechanism. Additional working-level bodies exist to ensure sectoral coordination in such areas as health and family planning, private sector development, low-income shelter, and natural resources management.FY 1998 Program
USAID's strategy for helping Zimbabwe achieve sustained growth focusses on broadened ownership in a growing economy, strengthened community-based environmental and natural resources management, reduced fertility, and increased use of HIV/AIDS prevention methods. This strategy supports overall U.S. interest in developing future markets for American goods and services and encouraging the Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) to continue the excellent leadership role it has played in recent years in regional peacekeeping operations such as in Angola. The strategy supports structural adjustment, increased economic growth that is sustainable and equitable, and the fostering of an open economy conducive to investment. Critically important complementary assistance is provided in family planning and HIV/AIDS assistance which is aimed at decreasing fertility rates and changing human sexual behavior related to infection from the virus which causes AIDS and is devastating Zimbabwe's human capital bank. Assistance in the natural resources management domain promotes the sustainable use of natural resources and adds an important democracy initiative by devolving management authority over natural resources from the central to the local government level.The Mission is looking for creative mechanisms that will enhance a more sophisticated partnership with Zimbabwe in future years. A "Zimbabwe American Development Foundation" is being studied as one possible instrument that will permit the partnership to work in areas of mutual interest, initiallyfocussing on the areas of economic growth and democracy and governance. This Foundation would be created through an endowment which would work with local non-governmental development partners with the goal of achieving sustainable results. USAID/Zimbabwe is requesting $5 million in FY 98 funding which would be the second tranche of resources to establish this assistance mechanism. A primary objective of the endowed Foundation would be to leverage resources from other entities--both public and private--including those in both the United States and Zimbabwe.
The following strategic objectives contribute both to the Mission's overall objectives and to over-arching Agency goals as follows:
Agency Goal: Protecting the Environment
With the scheduled phaseout of its successful agricultural policy reform and research program activities at the end of FY 97, USAID/Zimbabwe's first strategic objective (SO)--Natural Resources Management Strengthened for Sustainable Rural Development for CAMPFIRE Communities--is being significantly restructured to provide increased focus and resultant impact in its important community-based environmental and natural resources management objective. This new focus is aimed at establishing a durable policy and operational framework for long-term sustainability of what is a highly successful and innovative, community-based environmental and natural resources management program.The key component of this SO will be the provision of support for the natural resources management program known as CAMPFIRE--Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources. Based upon the success of a pilot activity, USAID support for this program has now been expanded to 26 of 57 administrative districts. The program provides a dual benefit by (1) channelling funds derived from wildlife management (such as hunting and tourism) that would otherwise go into central government coffers into local communities and households (increasing food security at the household level by increasing household incomes), and (2) improving the actual quality of that management. The result is a movement that conserves natural resources and generates revenue at the household and community levels, thereby empowering them to make decisions (rather than the central government) on how to best utilize these funds. Since 1989, the CAMPFIRE program has succeeded in reducing the number of wildlife poaching incidents and nearly $6.0 million has been made available to local communities from sustainable wildlife management.
Enhanced program sustainability and impact will be achieved by broadening program activities from the current focus on wildlife to include other sustainable approaches toward community-based environmental and natural resources management and use, such as small-scale eco-tourism ventures. Possible new complementary program activities aimed at establishing an improved environmental and natural resources policy and planning framework in program target areas will serve to ensure that expanded program activities are pursued in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner. The net result will be increased revenues and income for greater numbers of rural families and communities throughout the poorest regions of Zimbabwe, and enhanced empowerment to effect real, positive and lasting changes in the quality of their lives and the surrounding environment through sustainable environmental and natural resources management and use.
Programs that conserve biological diversity while increasing the sustainability of natural resources management are in the U.S. national interest. That they lead to greater equity and local empowerment through income generation and devolution of authority from the central to peripheral levels make them all the more interesting to the U.S. taxpayer as they lead to greater political and economic stability in the Africa region and, ultimately, less dependence on donor dollars.
Zimbabwe-based USAID technical and program management for this SO is scheduled to end in FY 2000.
Strategic Objective 1: Natural Resources Management Strengthened for Sustainable Rural Development for CAMPFIRE CommunitesAgency Goal: Encouraging Broad-based Economic Growth
USAID/Zimbabwe's second strategic objective--broadened ownership in a growing economy--acknowledges that access to economic resources and economic empowerment has been disproportionately vested in the minority population (of European descent) and government itself. By broadening access to economic assets, opportunities for increased competition and improved efficiency are created. USAID assistance has three components: increased access to low-income shelter and its attendant economic benefits; support to the private sector through employee ownership schemes, business/trade associations, and mechanisms to increase access to capital for small- and medium-sized enterprises; and promotion of local private sector training organizations.There has been great success to date in the area of low-income shelter, where USAID has been involved in promoting housing development and mortgage lending techniques. Between 1992 and 1996, nearly 17,000 low-income households have received mortgages for houses. Several thousand more units are presently under construction. Since 1992, the number of low-income Zimbabweans that can afford a house--that critical first step toward increased family welfare and economic participation--has tripled as a direct result of reforms negotiated through the USAID program. In this process, an American firm--GS Holdings (California)--has introduced new (for Zimbabwe) construction techniques that both reduce the overall cost of housing to the customer and reduce the amount of time required for construction. To reduce the costs of imported materials further, GS Holdings has invested in a small steel framing factory in Zimbabwe and plans to go into locally produced interior wallboard. Several other American firms are interested in the Zimbabwean housing market as well. American dollars go a long way in this sector. Each dollar leverages an additional dollar from either the GOZ or local building societies. American assistance guarantees the mortgages in case of default--and the default rate is very small as low income Zimbabweans are excellent credit risks. Our assistance serves as a model to the Government of Zimbabwe, local commercial and multi-national banks, building societies and other donors and there is strong evidence to suggest that USAID work in this sector will prove sustainable.
USAID has overseen the successful emergence of a viable market in small and medium enterprise (SME) training services and the promotion of new SMEs through franchising and subcontracting. As a result of USAID/Zimbabwe's loan guarantee program, more than 200 small business loans averaging about $10,000 each were made in FY 1996. USAID is also on the forefront of the development and expansion of microcredit in Zimbabwe; micro loans averaging less than $500 by two USAID-supported NGOs reached over 5,000 borrowers in FY 96.
USAID's assistance in broadened ownership (equity) of Zimbabwean assets is an attempt to play a catalytic role in several key subsectors of the economy with an aim to increase the size of the economic pie so that more players have an opportunity to share in the fruits of a growing economy. Economic growth that is inclusive rather than exclusive enhances prospects for national stability. U.S. assistance that encourages greater equity is an investment in that stability. In the Zimbabwean low-income housing case, U.S. economic partnerships have already formed. Continued growth and stability will encourage even greater foreign and domestic investment--in this and other sectors.
Zimbabwe-based technical and program management for this SO is scheduled to end in FY 2000.
Strategic Objective 2: Broadened Ownership in a Growing Economy
Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health
Of the total funding requested for population and health, $3.5 million is planned for population activities and $3.5 million is planned for HIV/AIDS activities.USAID/Zimbabwe's third strategic objective--reduced fertility and increased use of HIV/AIDS prevention measures--is aimed at reducing two key threats to sustainable development in Zimbabwe, rapid population growth and the spread of HIV/AIDS. In family planning, due in large measure to USAID assistance, Zimbabwe now has the lowest recorded total fertility rate (TFR) in sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1984 and 1994, the TFR--the theoretical measure of the average number of children the average woman will have in her lifetime--fell from 6.5 to 4.3, a full 33% drop. During the same period the use of contraceptives increased by 55%. About 42% of married women now use modern contraceptives versus just 27% in 1984. USAID's present strategy is to promote contraceptive diversity, including the use of longer-acting contraceptive methods. USAID provides most of the oral contraceptives currently used in Zimbabwe, particularly two pill brands manufactured by Wyeth, an American company.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to worsen in Zimbabwe. According to estimates, 22% of the adult population of about 11 million people is HIV positive, and nearly 200,000 AIDS-related deaths now occur each year. In a recent unpublished survey of urban pre-natal clinics, fully 40% of the 2,500-3,000 women clients sampled were HIV positive. Tuberculosis cases resulting from HIV exceeded 23,000 in 1994 and are rising by about 30% per year according to Ministry of Health sources. USAID interventions are focussed on supporting changes in high risk behavior in selected occupational groups (including those in the uniformed services, the employees and families of commercial farmers, university students, and factory and transportation workers). USAID supports the National AIDS Coordination Program, private sector institutions, appropriate local businesses, United Nations Children's Fund, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to strengthen HIV prevention activities in key populations at high risk of sexually-transmitted HIV infection. USAID has also just initiated a five-year condom social marketing program for HIV/AIDS control as well as another behavior change and communication activity which focusses on women and youth.
Zimbabwe-based technical and program management for this SO is scheduled to end in FY 2002.
Strategic Objective 3: Reduced Fertility and Increased use of HIV/AIDS Prevention Measures
Agency Mission: Sustainable Development
As USAID's in-country support to Zimbabwe will terminate in FY 2003, the Mission is looking for creative, sustainable mechanisms that will permit a continuing interaction with Zimbabwe in areas of mutual interest to both governments. A Zimbabwe American Development Foundation is being studied as one possible instrument -- in the areas of economic growth and democracy and governance initially, with possible expansion to other development priorities if the concept is successful. This foundation would be created through an endowment which would work with local non-governmental development partners with the goal of achieving sustainability of the results achieved to date and through 2003. USAID/Zimbabwe is requesting $5 million in FY 98 funding which would be the second tranche of resources drawn upon to establish this assistance mechanism. A primary objective of the endowed Foundation would be to leverage resources from other foundations, including those in the United States, corporations, the GOZ, and fund raising efforts both in Zimbabwe and overseas.The concept of creating sustainable development mechanisms is of national interest to the U.S., in general, in order to 1) consolidate a history of positive contributions to Zimbabwe's development since independence in 1980, and 2) maintain influence in a country that will continue to play an important stabilizing function in the region, both politically and economically. In more specific terms, the UnitedStates has an interest in continuing to make positive contributions to U.S. Government development priorities where well-focussed interventions can make catalytic contributions to effect positive change.
These potentially important assistance mechanisms of U.S. foreign policy are under development. The first two areas being considered will be in support of economic growth and democracy and governance initiatives.
Special Objective: Sustainable Mechanisms for Post-Presence
ZIMBABWE
FY 1998 PROGRAM SUMMARY
Encouraging Broad-based Economic Growth
Stabilizing Population Growth & Protecting Human Health
Protecting the Environment
Building
Democracy
Providing Humanitarian Assistance
TOTALS
USAID Strategic and Special Objectives SO1. Natural Resources Management Strengthened for Sustainable Rural Development -Dev. Fund for Africa
---
---
3,000,000
---
---
3,000,000
SO2. Broaden Ownership in a Growing Economy - Dev. Fund for Africa
---
---
---
---
---
---
SO3. Reduced Fertility and Increased Use of HIV/AIDS Prevention Measures - Dev. Fund for Africa
---
7,000,000
---
---
---
7,000,000
SP1. Sustainable Mechanisms for Post-Presence - Dev. Fund for Africa
3,500,000
---
---
1,800,000
---
5,300,000
Totals - Dev. Fund for Africa
3,500,000
7,000,000
3,000,000
1,800,000
---
15,300,000
USAID Mission Director: Peter Benedict
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: ZIMBABWE
TITLE AND NUMBER: Natural Resources Management Strengthened for Sustainable Rural Development for CAMPFIRE Communities, 613-S001
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $3,000,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1989; COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000
Purpose: To develop economically sustainable communities on lands marginally suitable for agriculture through 1) developing community-based programs to increase incomes while sustaining natural resources; and 2) improving local capabilities to protect the resource base.
Background: With the phaseout of its highly successful agricultural policy reform and research program activities at the end of this year, this SO is being significantly restructured to provide increased focus and resultant impact in its important community-based environmental and natural resources management objectives. This project has been a high profile effort which demonstrates the success of devolving authority for decision-making about natural resources and their resultant revenue streams from the central to peripheral levels. Great success has been achieved in wildlife management. USAID wants to ensure that these successes are sustained while assisting communities to achieve similar sustainable successes with other natural resources.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Since the inception of Zimbabwe's Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) program in 1989, the number of participating rural households has expanded from 9,000 to about 105,000. At present, 26 of 57 total districts throughout Zimbabwe are active program participants managing their natural resources sustainably for the increased benefit of all. Even though average household revenues earned by the program's rural community participants has remained fairly stable over time, overall program revenues have increased dramatically to total $2.7 million in 1995. Moreover, these significant resource-based benefits are being achieved sustainably, as evidenced by steadily increasing wildlife populations (the current program focus) in program target areas, despite persistent drought conditions experienced throughout much of the period of program implementation to date. Expanded program participation and increased revenues are expected, as the program broadens its focus from wildlife to include other sustainable approaches towards community-based environmental and natural resources management and use, e.g., small-scale eco-tourism ventures.
Description: Principal activities supporting this SO include the Natural Resources Management Project, and possible new complementary initiatives aimed at establishing an improved environmental and natural resources management policy and planning framework in program target areas.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is currently the largest donor in the CAMPFIRE program. Countries and development organizations carrying out complementary program activities in Zimbabwe include the World Bank, Holland, Canada, the European Union, Norway, Great Britain and Japan. Donor coordination is excellent; USAID contacts with other donors are strong, both through formal (regular meetings of the Environmental Forum) and informal channels.
Beneficiaries: Rural families and communities throughout the poorest regions of Zimbabwe through increased revenue and income, and through increased empowerment gained by an enhanced capacity to effect real, positive and lasting change in the quality of their lives and the surrounding environment.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Contractors: Development Associates, Price Waterhouse; Grantees: GOZ, CAMPFIRE Association, Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF International), Zimbabwe Trust, Africa Resources Trust, Action Magazine, University of Zimbabwe Centre for Applied Social Sciences.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target Average household benefit derived $6.00 (1989) $15.00 (1999) from CAMPFIRE program participation Number and value of community capital improvements funded with NRM revenues New indicator To be determined
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: ZIMBABWE
TITLE AND NUMBER: Reduced Fertility and Increased Use of HIV/AIDS Prevention Measures,
613-S003
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $7,000,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1990; COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Purpose: To sustain reduced levels of fertility so that the population can gain from the benefits resulting from economic growth; and to help reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe.
Background: Zimbabwe's family planning program, which USAID has supported as the largest donor since 1980, is possibly the highest impact program in sub-Saharan Africa. The AIDS epidemic is a more recent phenomenon, as is USAID's involvement, and has become extremely serious. It is now estimated that nearly one in four sexually active Zimbabweans is HIV positive.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's involvement in AIDS is relatively new and has not yet reached a stage of demonstrable impact. However, important and promising activities aimed at reducing high risk behavior are underway with a focus on condom social marketing and education for selected occupational groups such as the uniformed services, transport workers, and students in post-secondary institutions. In family planning the impact has been substantial. Since 1984 the total fertility rate--the average number of children the average Zimbabwean woman will have in her lifetime--has declined by a third, from 6.5 to 4.3. During the same period, the contraceptive prevalence rate has increased by 55%, from 27% of married women in 1984 to 42% in 1994.
Description: Principal activities supporting this strategic objective include the Zimbabwe Family Planning Project, the Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention and Control Project, and the Zimbabwe Condom Social Marketing Project, in addition to a number of "buy-ins" to central USAID/W activities and projects such as AIDS Control and Prevention Project (AIDSCAP) and Central Contraceptive Procurement. A possible future activity aimed at increasing the role of local NGOs in AIDS prevention is currently in the design phase. USAID is also seeking to increase sustainability in the family planning program as USAID's activities phase down in anticipation of USAID's departure in 2003.
Host Country and Other Donors: USAID collaborates with the World Bank's Family Health Planning II Project and activities supported by the United Nations Fund for Population Agency. USAID is the principal donor in the family planning sector.
Beneficiaries: All Zimbabweans seeking to 1) plan the growth of their families, and 2) avoid contracting sexually transmitted diseases, including the virus that causes AIDS.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Contractors: John Snow Inc., Macro International, Family Health International, Johns Hopkins University, Deloitte Touche, Association for Voluntary Surgical Contraception, Population Services International, Futures Group and Family Health International. Agencies: Zimbabwe National Family Planning Commission, Ministry of Health, National AIDS Control Program, Zimbabwe National Army, and the Air Force of Zimbabwe. Grantees: Commercial Farmers Union, National Railways of Zimbabwe, Triangle Limited, Delta Corporation, and the University of Zimbabwe Department of Community Medicine.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target Reduction in total fertility rate 4.3 (1994) 4.0 (1998) Increase in total number of condoms 33 million (1994) 75 million (1998) sold or distributed to target population Increase in percent of target group 29% men (1995) 45% men (1997) reporting condom use in last 22% women (1995) 33% women(1997) sexual intercourse Increased percent of surveyed 33.7% men (1994) 45.0% men (1998) men with sexually transmitted diseases seeking medical treatment
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: ZIMBABWE
TITLE AND NUMBER: Sustainable Mechanisms for Post-Presence, 613-SP01
STATUS: NEW
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $5,300,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997 COMPLETION DATE: 2002
Purpose: To establish viable mechanisms for sustainable support for programs in economic growth, democracy and governance, natural resources management and population and HIV/AIDS after the departure of USAID personnel from Zimbabwe.
Background: The USAID program in Zimbabwe has been slated for graduation by 2003. It is anticipated that current activities in economic growth and natural resources management will terminate by the end of FY 2000, with initiatives in population and HIV/AIDS remaining active through 2002. With this transition from a broad based development program to a more mature assistance mode, USAID will commence planning for "post-presence" assistance with the development of an endowed foundation which will continue to work with local non-governmental development partners to ensure sustainability of results set forth under sectoral programs. Other post-presence mechanisms could be developed at a later date.
USAID Role and Achievements to Date: This will be a new activity to be initiated in FY 1997. It will build on USAID experience and successes related to 1) broadening ownership in the Zimbabwean economy, 2) instituting sustainable community-level management of natural resources, and 3) reducing fertility and increasing use of HIV/AIDS preventive measures.
Description: USAID/Zimbabwe is requesting $5.3 million in FY 1998 funding in economic growth and democracy and governance funding as a second tranche of resources for the Zimbabwe American Development Foundation endowment. These funds will leverage additional funds which will be combined in an endowment. The interest generations from this endowment will be used to support grants to Zimbabwean non-governmental organizations active in promoting the expansion and creation of micro, small and medium sized enterprises as well as grants to groups which are involved in promoting democratic processes through civic education, improving respect for human rights and strengthening local civil society organizations. It is anticipated that activities related to sustainable environmental practices, family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention could be added in future years.
Host Country and Other Donors: Separate discussions on USAID/Zimbabwe's on-going strategic objectives in natural resources management, economic growth and population and HIV/AIDS detail the relative role of USAID in these key sectors. In support of the Zimbabwe American Development Foundation, funds will be leveraged from foundations in the United States, corporate contributions, and from fund raising efforts in Zimbabwe.
Beneficiaries: Key beneficiaries of activities financed through the Zimbabwe American Development Foundation will be the local institutions and organizations such as business development organizations, women's groups, and human rights groups receiving funds through grants from the endowment. Members of these organizations and their constituencies represent the ultimate beneficiaries.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: The implementing agency for the Zimbabwe American Development Foundation has not been determined and will be selected through a competitive process.
Major Results Indicators:
Sustainable mechanism to support economic growth and democracy and governance initiatives.
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