Note: This document may not always reflect the actual appropriations determined by Congress. Final budget allocations for USAID's programs are not determined until after passage of an appropriations bill and preparation of the Operating Year Budget (OYB).

SENEGAL

FY 1998 Development Fund for Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27,100,000

Introduction

Senegal is one of the few politically stable, multiparty democracies in Africa. Though largely Moslem, it is a moderate secular nation. Despite its meager resources, Senegal has played a key role in crisis resolution and in improving security conditions throughout Africa. The Government of Senegal (GOS) has committed troops to peacekeeping efforts in Liberia, Somalia and Rwanda and has staunchly supported U.S. policy initiatives following military coups in The Gambia, Niger and Nigeria. It is in the U.S. interest to strengthen Senegal's stabilizing influence in Africa and the Islamic world by supporting its democratic and human rights efforts and its successful transition to a competitive, market-based economy. The U.S. also has emerging economic interests in Senegal as the country expands its trade beyond traditional relationships with France, its former colonial ruler. The GOS has reduced its dependence on France and increasingly regards the U.S. as a potential partner.

Development Challenge

Long recognized as a democratic model in Africa, Senegal is nevertheless among the world's least developed countries. Despite its political stability, Senegal's economic growth has been poor and virtually negated by high population growth (currently 2.7% or doubling every 25 years). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita ($561 in 1995) has largely stagnated since independence. Economic recovery and sustainable growth will be essential for Senegal to maintain its stability and to continue its democratic evolution.

Senegal's deteriorating natural resource base continues to present a major challenge. The Sahelian ecosystem is vulnerable to erosion, droughts, deforestation and locusts. In spite of its relatively small share of GDP (21%), agriculture is still the principal source of income for about 70% of Senegal's population. However, domestic production of food crops has not kept pace with Senegal's population, now numbering 8.3 million people. Government involvement in agricultural research, extension, marketing, and processing has often been ineffective or inefficient, discouraging farmers from food production and cash crop diversification. The recent removal of fertilizer subsidies (at donor urging) has contributed to declining soil fertility since other incentives have not been put into place. Cultivation of marginal lands, which were previously kept fallow, continues to increase.

Health and social services in Senegal remain extremely limited, especially for women and children. Maternal mortality is high (510 per 100,000 live births), and many infants die of preventable diseases. The country suffers from relatively high childhood mortality rates (131 per 1,000), high illiteracy rates (80% women and 63% men in 1994), and an average life expectancy of only 49 years. Annual increases in the work force have overwhelmed the country's meager capacity to generate new jobs.

With its economic policy environment now generally in order, Senegal is poised to advance both economically and politically. Since the 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency (franc CFA) in 1994, economic growth has increased from 2% to 5% and inflation has decreased from 36% to 3%. The Senegalese government has taken laudable steps to reduce the size of the public sector, liberalize key economic policies, improve market competition, and revitalize the industrial sector. However, Senegal still has external debt totaling approximately $3.7 billion (70% of GDP) as of September 1996, including approximately $341,000 owed to the United States.

USAID has played a major role in Senegal's liberalization efforts, which has greatly increased the private sector's role in the economy. Liberalization of agricultural markets and the elimination of government-owned corporations (parastatals) has brought about market-based (instead of government controlled) pricing for major agricultural products. The GOS has moved out of rice importing and marketing andhas liquidated the rice marketing parastatal. The government is currently in the process of selling at least 51% of the shares of SONACOS, the giant ground-nut processing parastatal, to private sector investors. The U.S. is benefiting from the privatization of the telecommunications parastatal (SONATEL) which, in November 1996, sold 35% of its equity to a U.S.-Swedish consortium. This represents the largest single investment ($140 million) ever made by a U.S. firm in Senegal.

These reforms are noteworthy but much remains to be done to achieve sustainable economic growth and development in health, agriculture, and natural resources management. Senegal's infrastructure, institutions, and human capital need to be improved to take advantage of a liberalized economy and reduced role of the State. 1997 and 1998 will be crucial years for Senegal. The GOS must stay the course of economic reform, attract private investment, increase competitiveness and expand exports. It must also conclude remaining key privatizations, reinvigorate the agricultural sector, arrest rapid environmental destruction, create jobs for a burgeoning labor force, continue the process of decentralization, and improve governance. USAID's proposed assistance is designed to seize the opportunities created by Senegal's recent macroeconomic reforms and continued political stability.

Other Donors

At the July 1995 Consultative Group Meeting on Senegal, donors pledged approximately $1.5 billion for development activities and assistance for 1995-1997. The donor community remains large and has seen the recent arrival of Taiwan (replacing the People's Republic of China). USAID provided approximately 3.9% of total external assistance to Senegal in 1996, placing the United States as the fifth largest bilateral donor behind France, Germany, Japan and Saudi Arabia, and the sixth largest donor overall. Other major donors include the World Bank, European Union (EU), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

FY 1998 Program

FY 1998 is a transition year from USAID's current strategy to a new one for the period 1998-2006. This new strategy is scheduled for review and approval by USAID/Washington in February 1998. USAID will employ a highly participatory process to formulate this new strategy. This will involve drawing knowledge from and developing broad support among the Senegalese people, private voluntary organizations (PVOs), the Government of Senegal, and other development partners and stakeholders.

The possibility of graduating Senegal from USG assistance after FY 2006 is being discussed with the Senegalese government, the State Department, and other partners. At a minimum, USAID is considering new approaches for the delivery of developmental assistance. USAID envisions the possibility of establishing a private "foundation-like" entity with the capacity to deliver multi-faceted assistance. This entity would be not only a means of delivering U.S. assistance at lower cost, but would also provide a mechanism for ensuring sustainable development after U.S. assistance eventually is phased out.

In addition to considering new approaches, USAID will likely concentrate on two objectives including (1) reduction in population growth to at least the levels desired by the families themselves, and (2) halting the deterioration of the environment. Finalized strategic objectives will be formulated during the course of the strategy definition process, however this concept reflects USAID's current objectives and vision.

The FY 1998 program also will contain some integrated cross-cutting activities. These include education and gender. USAID's training programs will place greater emphasis on in-country training and on follow-on programs. The program will emphasize greater access by women to social services and employment opportunities. USAID envisages promoting democracy and good governance and will be using civic education to strengthen participation in the political process, which has been controlled by the ruling party since independence.

Finally, USAID's FY 1998 program will consider the promotion of high technology for development. Senegal, recognizing that technological change is at the heart of international competitiveness, needs assistance in telecommunications, power generation and distribution, information and data processing, transportation, and manufacturing. As an example, the Leland Initiative, which provides increased access to and utilization of the Internet, may be used to expand competition and service outside of Senegal's capital city.

Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health

Of the total funding requested for population and health, $6 million is planned for population activities and $5.5 million for health activities. Rapid population growth has a transnational impact. It is in the U.S. interest to help decrease family size in Senegal and to slow the country's 2.7% annual population growth rate. If left unchecked, this will continue to negate Senegal's economic gains, hasten environmental degradation, increase poverty, and exacerbate Senegal's urban migration problems. To counter the current trend, USAID's population program is strengthening both public and private family planning services to meet a significant unmet demand for such services in both rural and urban areas. Child survival activities are also an essential and integral part of the family planning program.

USAID activities will include information campaigns, education, communications and outreach to bring about a broad public commitment to voluntary family planning. Demographic health surveys in 1986 and 1993 show significant progress is being made. USAID's child survival activities have had real impact in helping decrease infant mortality (0-1 year of age) from 86 deaths per 1,000 live births to 66 deaths per 1,000 live births. Child mortality (under five years of age) has decreased from 191 deaths per 1,000 live births to 131 deaths per 1,000 live births. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are now widely used in rural clinics and village health posts to control diarrheal diseases. Due to USAID interventions, ORS use has significantly increased in the four USAID target regions from 7% to 31% and is expected to be 42% in 1996.

HIV/AIDS remains the scourge of Africa. However, in Senegal, USAID's early intervention in the late 1980s, has curbed the incidence of HIV/AIDS. Senegal boasts the most advanced AIDS laboratory in West Africa (the Pasteur Institute). Researchers from this institute, in collaboration with researchers from Harvard University, discovered the HIV II strain. General awareness of AIDS in Senegal is high, with 74% of men and 68% of women knowing at least one mode by which HIV is transmitted. Two-thirds know of at least one method of prevention, with condom use most-often cited. However, the role of condoms in preventing AIDS is still not widely recognized. USAID therefore has sponsored Islamic and Catholic conferences on AIDS prevention (critical to win the all-important support of Senegal's powerful religious leadership). As a result, religious leaders are now engaged in educating the Senegalese in the fight against AIDS.

USAID, the leading donor in family planning and population, has played a key role in helping Senegal to achieve significant results. From 1986 to 1996, Senegal's total fertility rate declined roughly 13%, from 6.6 to 5.8 births/woman (far ahead of the originally scheduled target of 6.0 in 1997). Usage rates for modern contraceptive methods such as condoms and pills rose from 2.4% in 1986 to 4.8% in 1992. It is estimated to be 6.8% in 1996, which, while still extremely low, represents a significant improvement.

Agency Goal: Encouraging Broad-based Economic Growth.

Recent macroeconomic reforms in Senegal have created the first real opportunity for broad-based economic growth. Due to the country's agrarian-based employment structure, the GOS and USAID are now looking to the agricultural and private sectors as catalysts for broad-based growth. USAID's strategy is to increase private incomes derived from the sustainable use of natural resources. Theprogram focuses on minimizing government regulation and expanding private activity, especially in Senegal's large rice markets. USAID assistance is helping to increase incomes through the production and sale of agricultural and natural resource-based products.

Recent USAID activities have been successful, contributing to lower prices for consumers, increasing income for traders, and improving resource allocations based upon clearer market signals. Specific key results include: (1) agricultural products marketed through the private sector have increased from 46% in 1991 to 95% in 1996; (2) government regulations and involvement in the private sector have been slashed (USAID targets and conditionalities were met one year ahead of schedule); (3) rice processing, marketing and importing (formerly government controlled) are now entirely handled by the private sector; (4) private traders are now free to import and sell rice at any price, and the government's rice parastatal has been eliminated; and (5) privatization of the groundnut parastatal (SONACOS), the largest privatization ever undertaken in francophone Africa, is on track. This privatization is an example of USAID leadership playing a decisive role at a critical moment.

In order to intensify and diversify agriculture and increase crop productivity, USAID will support technological changes through agricultural and natural resources management research. USAID-financed activities are making a clear difference in the enabling environment for sustainable agricultural production in Senegal.

Agency Goal: Protecting the Environment

Senegal's rapidly growing population is straining the natural resource base. Previously forested or fallow land is now being used for food crops, firewood or fodder. The value of new land brought under production is often offset by erosion, declining soil fertility and reduced rainfall. To reverse this trend and stimulate economic growth, USAID is helping to improve applied research and the extension of improved agricultural and natural resources management (AG/NRM) techniques. USAID is also supporting better land-use planning, improved marketing, privatization of AG/NRM-related parastatals, rural empowerment and policy dialogue with the government.

USAID programs have had a significant influence on Senegalese farmers adopting NRM technologies. USAID-financed anti-salt dikes and water retention dikes in 22 valleys have resulted in the reclamation of over 25,000 acres in southern Senegal. Extension of AG/NRM techniques is also resulting in widespread use of composting. Aerial photographic information, comparing 1984 with 1996, shows clear evidence of positive interventions in Senegal's peanut growing basin (Kaolack and Fatick Regions) where farmers have invested in new woodlots and reforested plots, new fruit tree orchards, and new live hedges which prevent erosion and produce animal fodder.

Largely as a result of USAID's interventions, the GOS has established a national council for environment and natural resource management. The council will finalize Senegal's National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in early 1997. This plan will ensure that environmental concerns are addressed in all social and economic development policies.

Agency Goal: Building Democracy

Senegal is a stable multiparty democracy whose peaceful political transitions have set the example for other African nations. This said, the ruling Socialist Party has held power since independence and centralized decision-making has largely been concentrated in the capital, Dakar. As part of Senegal'sreform efforts, the GOS enacted a Decentralization Law in March 1996 which will contribute to enhancing democratization by transferring power to regional assemblies. USAID will continue to assist the GOS in implementing this law and in empowering local and regional authorities.

In 1996, USAID hosted a West Africa regional francophone seminar on good governance and helped sponsor an international symposium on governance and development with particular emphasis on the issue of corruption. USAID's portfolio is currently structured to encourage empowerment of farmers, private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in decentralizing natural resources management, health and family planning activities. Improved governance and increased accountability will also be achieved through USAID's efforts to support structural reforms, transparency and privatization. In November 1996, Senegalese voters elected 23,985 regional, rural and municipal councilors under the new electoral law adopted in 1992 and under the new decentralization law. USAID provided assistance to the Government of Senegal for conducting civic and voter education to prepare voters for these elections.

USAID will further support these democracy/governance efforts through training, observational tours, medium-term technical assistance, and regional conferences. USAID will seek opportunities for training newly elected regional representatives to help them assume full duties and responsibilities. Many of USAID's activities will be targeted at key Senegalese policy makers, whose improved decision-making capabilities and effectiveness will enhance the country's governance. Improved governance and decentralization, including increased emphasis on financial management and government audit institutions to help foster accountability and transparency, will be important themes in USAID's program.

SENEGAL

FY 1998 PROGRAM SUMMARY

Encouraging Broad-based Economic Growth
Stabilizing Population Growth and Protecting Human Health Protecting the Environment Building Democracy Providing Humanitarian Assistance

TOTALS
USAID Strategic

Objectives

1. Decrease Family Size

- Dev. Fund for Africa

---

11,500,000

---

---

---

11,500,000

2. Increase Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources Management in Zones of Reliable Rainfall

- Dev. Fund for Africa

10,600,000

---

4,800,000

200,000

---

15,600,000

Totals

- Dev. Fund for Africa

10,600,000

11,500,000

4,800,000

200,000

---

27,100,000

USAID Mission Director: Anne M. Williams

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: SENEGAL

TITLE AND NUMBER: Decrease Family Size, 685-S001

STATUS: Continuing

PROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $11,500,000 DFA

INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 1998

Purpose: To decrease family size and to strengthen the capacity of Senegalese institutions to improve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk reduction behaviors in selected groups in six geographic regions of Senegal.

Background: Senegal's current population growth rate of 2.7% per annum is characterized by both high infant and child mortality rates. At such rates, the population (8.3 million in 1995) will double by the year 2021. Senegal's rapid population growth has severe implications for individual and family welfare and for the Government of Senegal's (GOS) development objectives. High infant and child mortality rates compel couples to maintain high birth rates to ensure the survival of a few healthy children. In addition, annual increases of 2.7% in HIV positive cases and increases of 6.8% in actual AIDS cases reflect an alarming potential epidemic even though the national rate of HIV prevalence remains at about 1%.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Largely as a result of USAID, the leading donor in the population and family planning sector, Senegal's total fertility rate declined 6.6 to 5.8 between 1986 and 1996, well ahead of targeted reductions. The contraceptive prevalence rate nationwide rose from 4.8 in 1992 to about 6.8 in 1996. In response to an existing demand for family planning services, USAID has provided improved service delivery and information. USAID's child survival activities have helped significantly to decrease both infant (0-1 years of age) and child (under five years of age) mortality over the past decade.

USAID also has been instrumental in assisting the GOS to implement its AIDS prevention program and provide support to targeted regions. USAID sponsored two separate Islamic and Christian conferences on AIDS prevention (critical steps in gaining the all-important support of Senegal's religious leadership). As a result, religious leaders are now engaged in educating the population in the fight against AIDS. Senegal boasts the most advanced AIDS laboratory in West Africa; researchers from this lab, in collaboration with researchers from Harvard University, discovered the HIV II strain. Prevention activities are showing some success in Senegal's four major urban areas, where prevalence rates, condom use and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are monitored regularly.

Description: The Senegal Child Survival/Family Planning Program began in 1992 and will be completed in 1998. The program is increasing the quality of and access to family planning services and supports efforts to prevent pregnancies by reducing deaths from preventable diseases of children under five. To combat Senegal's high maternal mortality rate, USAID emphasizes reproductive health and safe motherhood in-services delivery, including screening and evaluation of high-risk pregnancies, nutrition surveillance for pregnant women, STD screening and treatment, and early and effective prenatal consultations. USAID's AIDS Control and Prevention project supports mass media campaigns which discourage high-risk sexual behavior and promote condom use.

Host Country and Other Donors: USAID and other bilateral and multilateral donors (including the United Nations Population Fund and the World Bank) have created three donor groups for better collaboration in child survival, HIV/AIDS and population/family planning. The GOS contributes to the achievement of this objective by providing human and material resources. USAID also has worked closely with community health committees to strengthen cost recovery programs and to integrate family planning services into this system. USAID and other donors are working with regional level health action plans as the government further decentralizes administrative and financial systems.

Beneficiaries: Children under five and women of reproductive age represent 40% of Senegal's population. Senegal's current contraceptive prevalence rate of 6.8% translates into over 133,000 women who are benefiting from essential family planning services. 28% of women who now wish to delay or end childbearing translates into almost 550,000 women currently in need of family planning services. 1.5 million sexually active persons at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in urban and peri-urban areas will be targeted by the project as direct beneficiaries. Senegal's 1.6 million children under five years are the primary beneficiaries of USAID child survival interventions.

Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID is implementing family planning and AIDS activities through private organizations including Management Sciences for Health, Population Services International, John Snow Incorporated and the Futures Group and through U.S. and Senegalese non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Africare.
Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target*
National Total Fertility Rate(births per woman) 6.6 (1986) 5.6 (1998)
Urban Contraceptive Prevalence Rates (% of women in union) 6.7 (1986) 20.0 (1998)
Percentage of Married Women 15-49 yrs. Having Knowledge of Modern Contraceptive Methods One Method: 58.1 (1986) One Method: 93(1998)
Three Methods: 23.4 (1986) Three Methods: 65 (1998)
Percentage of Men over 20 yrs old Having Knowledge of Modern Contraceptive Methods One Method: 68.0 (1986) One Method: 93 (1998)
Three Methods: 43.0 (1986) Three Methods: 65 (1998)
Percentage of HIV Prevalence in the General Population 1.0 (1994) 1.9 (1998)
Percentage of the Population Who Can Identify Appropriate Means of Protection from HIV Infection: 68 (1993) 93 (1998)
* These 1998 targets will be revised based on data collected in 1997 surveys and monitoring systems.

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: SENEGAL

TITLE AND NUMBER: Increase Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources Management (NRM) in Zones of Reliable Rainfall (685-S002)

STATUS: Continuing

PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1998: $15,600,000 DFA

INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY1998

Purpose: To increase crop productivity through improved natural resources management (NRM) in zones of reliable rainfall.

Background: Natural resource degradation is increasing in Senegal as the population rapidly grows and farm productivity diminishes. Over the years, Senegal's total crop production acreage has remained relatively constant as new lands brought into production have been offset by erosion and declining soil fertility. While increased yields have occurred due to improved seed, animal traction or introduction of NRM technologies, these increases have not been sufficient to offset the decline in the bio-physical quality of the soils. The Government of Senegal (GOS) has taken steps to eliminate most farm subsidies, decentralize land management, enact a new decentralization law, regarded as a "revolutionary" step towards local-level empowerment for agricultural and natural resources mangement (AG/NRM) activities, and promote more productive and sustainable land use. The challenge is now to improve the enabling conditions for broad-based change in a way which will encourage the population to make better decisions about managing natural resources. USAID's strategy focuses on the southern half of the country where rainfall is 400 mm/year or more. Additional constraints to increasing productivity are the farmers' lack of access to credit and the absence of a viable rural financial system.

USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID's strategy is long-term, designed to raise incomes of farmers who have limited access to modern inputs such as fertilizer and improved seed varieties. Analysis shows that even modest success will be very cost-effective. Long-term environmental monitoring efforts show clear evidence of positive interventions in the peanut growing basin (Kaolack and Fatick Regions), where new woodlots and reforested plots, new fruit tree orchards and new live hedges have appeared which were not evidenced in 1984 aerial photographic information.

Because of the long-term gestation of most agricultural/natural resources management (AG/NRM) techniques, USAID's strategy has been to combine the introduction of AG/NRM techniques with credit for development of AG/NRM-based enterprises as well as business, entrepreneurial, literacy and numeracy training to stimulate incomes. Demonstrations of AG/NRM techniques have resulted in widespread adoption, for example in composting, where minimal capital investment is required. High cost AG/NRM techniques, such as anti-salt dikes and water retention dikes, have also been very successful in reclaiming and protecting about 25,000 acres, but at a capital investment level that is generally beyond villagers means to replicate. Applied research continues for more than 35 techniques both on-station and on-farm. USAID support for research on selected improved crop varieties and certain techniques such as composting and live fencing have been validated by the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute. The use of fish scales as fertilizer is also in the final stage of validation. Village level AG/NRM-based, value-added processing and marketing enterprises are beginning to show a multiplier effect as village associations take out third generation loans and reinvest profits to establish more small businesses. An important aspect of the applied research is that there is an increased collaboration among the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as community groups and farmer organizations. They work together to identify research needs and conduct effective AG/NRM-based research activities to increase agricultural productivity.

Description: USAID efforts are focused on: (1) applied research at the farm level on improved AG/NRM techniques for key grain cropping systems; (2) demonstration and extension of improved AG/NRM techniques; (3) rural empowerment and institutional strengthening to improve land use planning andmanagement; (4) promotion of AG/NRM-based enterprises including access to credit and skills training; and (5) GOS policy dialogue. Other activities include working with NGOs to improve their capacity to plan and execute their own AG/NRM activities. Funding is principally for technical assistance, commodities, AG/NRM technology development and extension, water management structures, farmer training, GOS and NGO institutional strengthening, and policy dialogue. Special efforts are underway to ensure the empowerment of female farmers.

Host Country and Other Donors: The GOS has demonstrated a serious commitment to privatization and other policy reform initiatives, such as forestry code legislation and the recent decentralization law, which will develop real power and authority to individual localities. Senegalese government contributions are mainly in-kind, consisting of salaries of civil servants, services, infrastructure and equipment. Additional financial and human resources are provided through NGOs, such as village associations. USAID is the lead donor in the AG/NRM sector. Other key donors include the Netherlands, Canada, the World Bank, the European Union, the United Nations Development Program, Food and Agriculture Organization, Germany, France, and Italy. The U.S. represents the donor community on an inter-ministerial ENV/NRM steering committee. Donors also coordinate through an informal donor ENV/NRM working group for exchange of experience and information.

Beneficiaries: About 70% of the 8.3 million population are farmers, who are the primary beneficiaries of this activity (50 - 70% of these farmers are women). Benefits are specifically targeted toward farmers' associations, for AG/NRM techniques, credit, training and agro-enterprise development. Private sector entrepreneurs, NGOs and consumers will also benefit from USAID activities.

Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements activities through two U.S. university consortia, the South-East Consortium for International Development and the Consortium for International Development; a U.S. for-profit firm, Development Alternatives, Inc.; the U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center; U.S. NGOs (AFRICARE and Winrock), and numerous local NGOs.

Major Results Indicators: Baseline Target
Increase in crop yields
(kilograms/hectare) for1:		 (1989-91) (1998)
Millet 786 880
Sorghum 850 940
Rice 1,254 1,505
Peanuts (for oil) 959 1,150
Peanuts (edible) 1,006 1,205
Corn 1,202 1,195
Percent of households (compounds)
using AG/NRM techniques2:		 (1992) (1998)
Windbreaks 4.5 8.0
Live Fence 2.7 5.0
Field Trees 2.4 30.0
Fallow Land 15.3 5.0
Manure 51.7 20.0

1 Ministry of Agriculture annual crop production surveys
2 1992 and 1994 Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Surveys. Note that further target adjustments will be made with results of the 1996 KAP. 1992 baseline data for fallow land and manure are deemed imprecise, therefore targets have been revised downward.

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