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and their effect upon a maizedominated agricultural regime. In part, it is also the result of  c)?poor policies and lack of reinvestment in the major industrial economic sectors, led by the copper  c)[mining industry. Despite these obstacles, a general liberalizing trend continues, and policies are in place  c)to bring about positive changes. Recognizing that democracy and governance are essential components  c)/of sustainable and equitable economic development, USAID and other donors have moved swiftly to  c)establish programs of assistance. Improved monetary policy has stabilized the local currency, and fiscal"h)0*0*0*z+"  c)policy is gradually improving the balance between revenue and expenditure in state accounts. At  c)present no P.L. 480 assistance is envisioned, as the recent regional drought cycle seems to have ended,  c)/with good rains in 1995/96. The U.S. Government has forgiven all bilateral debt that can be forgiven  c) under existing legislation, but further debt relief of the remaining P.L. 480 and the Export Import Bank debts would be welcome.  c)Zambia still requires extraordinary high levels of donor support in order to permit the continued  c)functioning of the government. At least 36% of government revenues are derived directly from donor  c)>contributions. Only after a sustained period of restructuring, reorganization and reinvestment in the  c) key private sectors of the economy can Zambia expect to rely on its domestic production and trade,  c)\and thereby reduce dependence on external assistance. The region suffers from periodic cycles of  c)drought, and only extraordinary success in diversification of crop patterns and the introduction of new markets can protect rural areas from the penalties of recurrent drought.  c)MUSAID has played an important role in the recovery of Zambia over the past four years, especially in  }K - c)Lthe privatization of stateowned enterprises and the promotion of the government's programs of reform,  c)Mparticularly health and family planning. By this means, and with an extensive program of P.L. 480,  c)Title II famine relief, the United States has successfully contributed to the establishment of a social  c) safety net and to the generation of domestic pressures to sustain political and economic reform.  }Kh- Other Donors.  c)The United States is Zambia's sixth largest bilateral donor, after Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom,  c)]Sweden and the European Union. In FY 1995, USAID disbursed $27.1 million in grant assistance,  c)including $4.9 million in funds for the Zambian component of programs that are regional in scope. The  c)donor community pledged $760 million in support of Zambia's development in 1996. Much of this is  c)yconditioned on continued good governance and specific economic performance and reform criteria. The  c)"pledges are composed of $335 million in balanceofpayments support, $343 million in project assistance, and $72 million in food and commodity assistance.  }Kp-  }K8-FY 1997 Program.  c)USAID pursues a strategy aimed at creating an open and democratic climate within which the Zambian  c) people can develop, prosper and invest in the economic opportunities available in the country, while  c)/reversing socioeconomic deterioration caused by the effects of past statist policies. U.S. interest is  c)defined by Zambia's continued performance as a stable and progressive political influence in a troubled  c)[region. This role will be demonstrated by successful free and fair national elections scheduled for early  c)FY 1997. Increased economic activity in urban areas and within rural communities provides an  c)essential backdrop to the proper functioning of this evolving and decentralizing political system.  c)Improved policies associated with agriculture and industry, alongside those which are already in place,  c)Mcan mitigate the worst effects of seasonal stresses on the basic food supply. More effective family  c)[planning and HIV/AIDScontrol programs, and improved maternal and child health, can reduce pressures on social structures and help enhance popular support for further reforms.  }K`"-  c)Family health and population activities dominate two thirds of the portfolio in terms of expenditures,  c)but privatization, economic reform, and democracy and governance activities are important and will be key indicators of USAID program success.  }KH&-  }K'-Agency Goal: Encouraging Broadbased Economic Growth  }K(- c)In line with the GRZ's desire to promote business development and encourage competition and  c)/investment for recovery and growth, USAID/Zambia seeks to facilitate the broadbased participation"h)0*0*0*z+"  }K- c)by private enterprise in the key economic sectors of the country. Two of USAID's objectives in Zambia  c)jare to privatize stateowned enterprises and to encourage rural groups to contribute in greater measure  c)to the national economy. As of December 1995, Zambia had privatized 45 parastatal units (90% of  c)!USAID's target) (including the Chilanga Cement and Zambia Sugar Companies, sole producers of  c){cement and sugar), and closed other budgetdraining parastatals, including ZIMCO (the parastatal  c)holding company), the United Bus Company of Zambia, and Zambia Airways. Another 42 were in final  c)=stages of settlement. Zambia has begun the divestiture process for Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines  c)and the country's telecommunications industry, two of the principal generators of export revenues.  c)NUSAID is providing technical assistance to facilitate this process, including the establishment of a  c)>national licensing and monitoring authority that is expected to assist in the introduction of competitive  c)0and diversified telecommunication services in the future. Approximately ten percent (500) of the  c)Nowners/managers of registered small and medium manufacturing, trading and service firms have  c)mreceived USAIDfunded business training in key topics through a program undertaken by local  c)\universities and other training organizations. Over half of these firms reported that they have turned this training into new lines of credit or developed new efficiency in their activities.  }K - c)zThe GRZ historically spent almost 33% of its budget on maize production, marketing and consumption  c)]subsidies; during that period, stateowned enterprises or parastatals dominated agroprocessing  c)industries. USAID's agriculturalsector activities are aimed at sectoral reform, including market  c)liberalization and the development of supporting institutions. During the first totally liberalized  c)marketing season (1994/1995), price subsidies were abolished, and maize price movements reflected  c)msupply and demand for the first time. Changed agricultural incentives led to an expansion and  c)diversification of the supply of foodstuffs and the takeover of the market by private traders, millers and  c)kother processors. Commercial farmers and rural families are now in a better position to interpret and  c)respond to market signals. As a result, farmers are more confident about investing, and onlookers anticipate a bumper harvest for the 1996 season.  c).Most small farmers still need assistance before they can participate effectively in the national economy.  c)Decades of central economic control have reduced their ability to respond to market incentives and  c)solve community problems. In addition, most live in areas poorly serviced by economic infrastructure.  c)zPilot activities are needed to test best practices to link newly freed agribusinesses and more efficient  c)private sector fertilizer markets to small farmer production and marketing efforts, and particularly to  c)droughtresistant crops in dry areas, in preparation for the next drought cycle. These linkages will include more effective communitybased land use and natural resource management.  c){New USAID obligations for this Agency goal will be used to free major stateowned industrial and  c)trading enterprises from the grip of inefficient, bankrupt public management; to facilitate further opening  c)of supporting institutional structures; and to undertake pilot activities to introduce into the market economy the majority of rural producers who are smallholders. [$5,429,992 1997].  }K@- Strategic Objective 1:` G Reduce the State's Role in the Provision of Goods and Services(#  }K - ) Strategic Objective 2:` GIncrease the Participation of Rural Enterprises and Communities in the National Economy(#  }K#- Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health  c)Because of Zambia's daunting economic problems and budgetary constraints, the threat posed to the  c)/country s social fabric, including the strains on health conditions, is extraordinary. Zambia is one of  c)two countries in the world where an increase in infant mortality over the past decade has been  c)documented. The GRZ is leading the reform in implementing a policy of more equitable health care  c)zaccess through decentralization of both management and the servicedelivery system and is actively  c)looking for ways to get the private sector to assume a greater share of the health care burden. USAID"h)0*0*0*z+"  c)Ohas consolidated several activities in the health area into a single strategic objective to reflect  c)/consolidation of services through community and district health institutions, which characterizes the  c)Lnew GRZ health reform program. USAID is promoting a decentralized, yet integrated, lowcost package  c)Mof services including family planning to improve child survival nationwide. The GRZ passed the  c)National Health Services Act of 1995, which provides the legal basis for the Ministry of Health's  c)nationwide decentralized health reform process. In the past year, the concept of feesformedical  c)services has been established in government health facilities. However, the GRZ health sector is under c)[funded and in many instances short of the skill and staff required to implement the necessary programs.  }K- c)USAID is a major donor for the GRZ's progressive and comprehensive program for the prevention,  c) monitoring and care of HIV/AIDSrelated diseases. With a seropositive rate of 25% overall, Zambia  c)ranks among the highest in the world in HIV/AIDS incidence. USAID is supporting public health  c)education for highrisk target groups; increasing the availability of condoms on the commercial market;  c)improving the availability of medications; promoting the correct identification and management of  c)zsexually transmitted diseases (STD); and improving counseling/testing facilities. According to a 1995  c)joint JapaneseU.S. project evaluation, USAID's HIV/AIDS prevention activities targeted on highrisk  c)jgroups in Zambia's major urban areas have been innovative and highly successful in raising awareness  c)of HIV/AIDS. Current sexual practices facilitate HIV/AIDS transmission, and cultural changes are often slow in appearing in statistical records.  }Kh- c)USAID has been instrumental in building sustainability behind the use of contraceptives. The annual  c).social marketing record for sale of condoms has exceeded targets by 10%, giving it the second highest  c)per capita sales (.76) of any social condom marketing project in Africa. The contractor is working  c)kalmost exclusively through the private sector in selling contraceptives, rather than giving them away,  c)thus moving this activity toward financial sustainability. Sales of contraceptives are increasing faster  c)>than the rate of growth of the sexually active population. The Government has granted approval for  c)Ma broader mix of contraceptive methods, including granting regulatory approval for the contraceptive  c)implant NORPLANT. The delivery of quality family planning services is limited by the lack of trained  c)health personnel, the limited hours of operation of public health clinics, the limited mix of contraceptive  c)methods, and the operational problems of the contraceptive, logisticalmanagement system. Elements  }K8- c)Mof the USAID program are not yet national in scope but are expected to reach that goal by the end of FY 1997.  }K- Strategic Objective 3:` GImprove the Health Status of Zambians(#  }K - Agency Goal: Building Democracy  }K-  c)lThe institutions and habits of authoritarian oneparty rule remain deeply embedded in the Zambian  c)]political culture, despite the election and peaceful assumption of power of a reformoriented new  c)political group in the 1991 multiparty elections. In the wake of a rapid political transition, Zambia still  c)Nlacks a political culture which affirms and adheres to democratic ideals. USAID's fourth strategic  c) objective aims at removing constraints facing the independent media; improving the degree to which  c)Nthe political and legislative process is transparent and informed by, and responsive to, the public;  c)improving executive capacity to assess policy options and respond to citizens' needs; and assuring a  c) free and fair voter registration and election process, both for national and local elections across the country.  c)USAID's support of the constitutional review process resulted in the submission of a Draft Constitution  c)in the closing months of FY 1995. The Cabinet Office is functioning more efficiently as a result of  c)1technical assistance and commodities supplied by USAID. Political parties, nongovernmental  c)zorganizations (NGO), and appointed officials have welcomed and value USAID's programs in support  c)of preparations for free and fair elections in late 1996. New civic action groups are proliferating. The  c)press continues freely to take issue with the government on a number of important issues in a"h)0*0*0*z+"  c)qualitatively improving journalistic atmosphere. The Zambian Supreme Court exerted its independence  }K- c)jfrom partisan influence when the Public Order Act, which allowed strict government control over public  c)assemblies, was ruled unconstitutional and therefore invalid. That decision clears the way for  c)opposition political parties and civic action groups to hold public meetings without police permission.  c)Lawyers, civic activists, and opposition politicians hailed the decision as a major advance in the cause of democracy and an independent judiciary.  c)On the downside, the ruling party is currently preoccupied with the 1996 elections and political  c)survival rather than focusing on issues of good governance and broader democratic goals. There has  }K- c)been a resurgence of what has come to be known as "Second Republic Mentality" (i.e., actions and  c)behavior reminiscent of the discredited predecessor regime). The GRZ has thus far failed to carry out  c)voter reregistration in a transparent, competent and timely fashion, necessitating postponement of  c)]1995 local government elections and an extension of the voter registration time table for the 1996  c)=national elections. Registration procedures are unnecessarily cumbersome. The GRZ has not yet been  c)]responsive to citizen and civic group demands on the method of approving and adopting the new  c)constitution. New funding, totalling $1,422,000 in 1997, is needed to continue the political  c)=transformation by providing resources for effective civil society institutions that promote civic education and lobby for the rights of disadvantaged groups following the election.  }K- )( Strategic Objective 4:` GIncrease the Participation, Transparency and Accountability of Zambian Institutions in Civil Society(# "h0*0*0*:" ZAMBIA FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY  dB#SxP7P# h ddx !ddx6Zh    &E&   `F#O PE37ZP# Y"=  =  =  1 Encouraging5 Broadbased & Economic * Growthh"z1Stabilizing World xPopulation }6Growth & {9Protecting Human Health h"& & & & Protecting the Environmenth"B B B B B ,Building (Democracyh"    Providing zHumanitarian Assistance E"             `FTOTALS   6 &E&  USAID Strategic Objectives                &&  1. The State Removed from the Provision of Private Goods and Services Dev. Fund for Africa #^ ^ ^ 7 3,329,992 # #   275,591 #b< #PM! #M!z" !z" !z" M 3,605,583  l   &e&  2. Increase the Productive Participation of Rural Enterprises and Communities in the National Economy Dev. Fund for Africane#^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 9 2,100,000ne#ne#     390,000ne#b<ne#PM!ne#M!z" !z" !z" !z" !z" M 2,490,000l z   &ev&  3. Improved Health Status of Zambians Dev. Fund for Africav#^v#  812,748,928 v#v#b<v#PM!v#M!z" !z"  12,748,928z l n &ve&  4. Increased the Participation, Transparency and Accountability of Zambian Institutions in Civil Society Dev. Fund for AfricaTe#^Te#Te#Te#b< b< b< b< b< =1,422,000Te#PM!Te#M!z" !z" !z" !z" !z" M 1,422,000l    &e &   `F Totals Dev. Fund for AfricaA!X #A^ 5  5,429,992A!X #A d12,748,928A!X #A 665,591A!X #Ab< ; 1,422,000A!X #AP $ M!X #M!z"  20,266,511  T   }K-#hxP7P#`(#^USAID Mission Director: Joesph F. Stepanek"0*0*0*[" X` hp x (#` hp x (#CACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }KX- PROGRAM : ZAMBIA  }K - TITLE AND NUMBER : Reduce Government Role in Production Sectors, 611S001  }K- STATUS : Continuing  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE : FY 1997: $3,605,583 DFA  }Kx- INITIAL OBLIGATION : FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE : FY 1997  }K- c)zPurpose: To reduce the state's role in the provision of goods and services more efficiently produced by the private sector.  }K( - c)Background: When the present government was elected in late 1991, the state controlled about 80%  c)Mof all economic activity. Government subsidies, protection and mismanagement produced distortions  c)that resulted in the decline of the Gross National Product by two percent per year since independence  c)Mand left Zambia one of the most indebted countries in the world. The 1992 Zambian Privatization Act  c)calls for the transfer of control and management of most of the industrial sector, except for public  c)utilities, to private ownership. USAID is supporting the Government of the Republic of Zambia's (GRZ)  c)program by facilitating the privatization of 50 to 75 stateowned enterprises by 1997 and by making  c)]small and mediumsized enterprises more efficient and competitive. USAID's program will create  c)/market opportunities for local and international business, open doors for private investment and free up public resources and talent.  }K- c)USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID is providing technical assistance to the Zambia  c)Privatization Agency (ZPA) (1) to facilitate the marketing and sale of stateowned enterprises to local  c)and international investors, (2) to educate the population on the process and consequences of  c)privatization, and (3) to build local ZPA staff capacity. Of the projected 5075 companies to be  c)privatized under USAID's Privatization Support Project, 45 companies had been privatized by December  c)[31, 1996. (Since branches of some companies have been split into individual companies, there are now  c)102 new, individual private units operating in the Zambian economy.) The ZPA staff has been trained  c)in privatization methodologies and is becoming proficient in the divestiture of state owned enterprises.  c)Advisory services are being provided to the Zambia Communications Authority to assist in establishing  c)an appropriate telecommunications regulatory framework. Also, USAID provides technical assistance  c)zand training to strengthen small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) through executive advisories,  c)incountry training and U.S. scholarships. Of the more than 500 SMEs which were supported through  c)|USAID programs, more than half have reported increased business strength as a result of the assistance, either through internal efficiencies or new capital investment.  }K-  }Kx- c)Description: USAID supports its current program of direct technical assistance to ZPA by providing  c)financial and marketing assistance in the privatization of the key, stateowned industries, including the  c)zmining and telecommunications companies. Special assistance will be provided that will focus on the  c)>policy and legal changes needed to attract and retain international buyers. USAID seeks to increase  c)kthe number of successful, registered, privateowned businesses in Zambia by providing training and  c)technical assistance to entrepreneurs and private institutions. The objective is to make the business c)support system in Zambia sustainable and linked with additional supporting resources, including credit and other capital resources,which are available in the region.  }K%- c)Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is the leading bilateral donor supporting privatization. The  c).World Bank is conditioning balanceofpayment support on progress achieved in privatization. Norway,  c)/Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom are the other major bilateral partners in this sector. The  c)GRZ remains committed to privatization, and contributes the bulk of resources to undertake the  c)[program, in part through a fund composed of proceeds from deposits and sales. Donor support speeds  c)kthe process through the provision of technical expertise and advice which is otherwise not available"h)0*0*0*z+" or commercially affordable.  }K- c)lBeneficiaries: The beneficiaries are Zambian managers and investors who are free to undertake  c)zproductive marketoriented investments and receive adequate rewards for their initiative. All citizens  }K -benefit from a wider array of choices in goods and service opportunities.   }K- c)Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID implements the activity through the Center for  c)"Financial Engineering in Development, Price Waterhouse Inc., Clark Atlanta University and the International Executive Services Corps.  }K-Major Results Indicators:  }K-` `  Ghh}Baselinepp!XTarget  }K` -Private sector share of gross Ghh}45% (1992)#.footnote reference#X01Í ÍX01ÍÍ A` C }Ku -#.footnote reference##Xx6X@DQ"X@#) .footnote reference)#xxP7P#Í Source: All from project records#Xx6X@DQ"X@#App!X60% (1998)  }K( -domestic product  Ghh})%.footnote reference)#.footnote reference#pp!  }K -Private sector share of formal employment20% (1992)pp!X60% (1998)  }K -Gross Revenues of Stateownedhh}$80 million (1995)X$1,500 million (1998)  }K -enterprises sales Ghh}  }KH -Number of private registered businesses 5,000 (1993)pp!X7,000 (1998) "X0*0*0*" CACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }K- PROGRAM: ZAMBIA  }KX- c)= TITLE AND NUMBER: Increase the Participation of Rural Enterprises and Communities in the National Economy, 611S002  }K- STATUS: Continuing  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $2,490,000 DFA  }Kx- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001  }K- c)Purpose: To increase the productive participation of rural communities and enterprises in the national economy.  }K( - c)Background: When the present government took over in 1991, virtually all agricultural input and  c)product prices and marketing channels were controlled by the government. Maize subsidies absorbed  c)up to one third of the government's budget and distorted cropping decisions. Parastatals dominated  c)[agribusiness. With the success of USAID's policy reform effort, Zambian policies now encourage farm c)enterprise diversification and innovation, investment, and domestic and regional commercial trading.  c)/Production, marketing and consumption subsidies have been eliminated, wasteful state management of farm credit schemes abolished, and food industry parastatals privatized.  c)>The USAID strategy recognizes that for agricultural production to continue growing, the Government  c)zof the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) must broaden and deepen the significant liberalization steps already  c)!taken. Zambians must develop new institutions and institutional cultures to ensure broad based,  c)kequitable and sustainable rural economic growth. They must learn to respond profitably to domestic  c)and exportmarket signals. Input and output delivery systems must be improved to support increased  c)rural family productivity. In response to these emerging needs, USAID's assistance has evolved from  c)more traditional forms of policy support to direct assistance to communities and businesses based on their aspirations.  }Kp- c)USAID Role and Achievements to Date: As the lead donor assisting agricultural policy development  c)over the past few years, USAID has overseen the decontrol of pricing and marketing channels and the  c) liberalization of markets. USAID led in the move to eliminate maize subsidies, which had taken about  c)zone third of the government budget. The GRZ now saves over $50 million each year. The decontrol  c)/of agricultural markets, including removal of maize subsidies, has also led to crop diversification and  c)>less vulnerability to changing weather conditions. Prior to removal of subsidies, Zambians had been  c)planting maize in dry areas more suited to other crops. These areas are now shifting back to millet,  c)sorghum, and cassava and into cash crops like sunflower and soybeans. These more droughtprone  c)areas are growing more droughtresistant crops, while maize is being planted in areas with better rainfall.  c)The GRZ's ability to sustain reform depends on the existence of a social safety net in times of drought,  c)Land USAID has led in establishing a social safety net in droughthit areas by providing an effective early  c)kwarning system on grain production and availability. USAID also contributed 20,000 tons of sorghum  c)food relief and $1.2 million in local currency for relief monitoring, disaster management capacity  c) building, drought resistant seed multiplication and distribution, water point rehabilitation, and food for work management.  }K%- c)mDescription: With assistance to rural communities and enterprises, USAID pursues diversified  c)\agricultural production and processing, sustainable natural resource management, food security and  c)=equitable rural growth. By targeting food processors and outgrowers' schemes that market or process  c).smallfarmer production, smallfarmer linkages to domestic and regional markets will be developed. Pilot  c)activities linking rural enterprises with commercial credit and new technologies will demonstrate to the  c)government that subsidized farm credit is unnecessary and counterproductive; this will also show that"h) 0*0*0*z+"  c)\nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), trade association, and agribusiness networks can improve  c)input and output marketing and stimulate investment in appropriate scale agroprocessing. Community  c)organizations will have greater authority over natural resources by participating in decisions on the  c).management and preservation of Zambian wildlife, forest and water resources. Improved governance,  c)zaccountability and transparency will be pursued from the ground up. Rural communities will seek out and influence decision-makers in resolving practical constraints to rural economic growth.  }Kx- c)Host Country and Other Donors: USAID has vigorously taken issue with the World Bank and GRZ's  c)zapproach to sector investment. As a result, the Bank and the GRZ are now much more open to NGO  c)and private contributions to sectoral planning. Consequently, there is a more rational balance between  c)\public and private sector contributions to agricultural growth. Separate monthly donor meetings with  c)|the GRZ are held to discuss natural resources management, food relief and agriculture sector investment.  }K - c)!Beneficiaries: Disadvantaged rural communities, people in game management areas, small scale farmers, agribusiness operators.  }KH - c)Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: National Cooperative Business Association/Cooperative  c)League of the USA, CARE, World Food Program, World Wildlife Fund, GRZ, trade associations and agribusinesses.  }Kh-Major Result Indicators:  }K0-` `  Ghh} Baselinepp!XTarget  }K-Agricultural exports as aGhh} 44% (1993)).footnote reference)#.footnote reference#:C }K -` hp x (#X` hp x (##xxP7P#Ӡ#.footnote reference##Xx6X@DQ"X@#э)!.footnote reference)#xxP7P# Source: All from project records#Xx6X@DQ"X@#:pp!X 65% (1998) percentage total nontraditional  }K-agricultural exports Ghh} ).footnote reference)#.footnote reference#  }KP-Agribusiness as a proportion of thehh} 51% (1994)pp!X 75% (2000) Gross Domestic Product  }K-Credit for rural enterpriseGhh} 0% (1995)pp!X 3% (2000)  }K-(percentage of commercial bank lending) " X0*0*0*"  }K- C ).footnote reference)#.footnote reference# ACTIVITY DATA SHEET ă  }K- PROGRAM: ZAMBIA  }KX- TITLE AND NUMBER: Improved Health Status of Zambians, 611S003  }K - STATUS: Continuing  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $12,748,928 DFA  }K- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002  }K-Purpose: To improve the health status of Zambians.  }K- c)Background: Since 1970, Zambia's economy has been declining while population has been increasing  c)lrapidly, rising from 4.1 million in 1969, to 5.7 million in 1980, and to 9.1 million in 1995. At the same  c)\time Zambia commenced an extended period of state sponsored socialism that brought about severe  c)neglect of physical infrastructure and a decline in socioeconomic indicators. The ability of the nation  c)Lto recover from and cope with this combination of events has been further constrained by the HIV/AIDS  c)pandemic. (Zambia is one of the most affected nations in the world.) Other social indicators also show  c)sharp declines among the productive working population. This has a potentially h