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I.   a7TechnicalTechnical Document Style(@D i) . a8TechnicalTechnical Document Style(D a) . 2 BeE* PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paperP@n   $] X X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:J4A5C6F7 Htoc 8toc 84` hp x (#!!` hp x (#toc 9toc 95` hp x (#!@!@` hp x (#index 1index 16` hp x (#` !` !` hp x (#index 2index 27` hp x (#` !@` !@` hp x (#2*N8pJ9L:lRM;lMtoa headingtoa heading8` hp x (#!!` hp x (#captioncaption9;1#Xx6X@DQX@##XX2PQXP#_Equation Caption_Equation Caption: List 2List 2;2P<l\N=lN>l4O?bOList Bullet 3List Bullet 3<List Continue 2List Continue 2=Body Text IndentBody Text Indent>page numberpage number? 2Wg4P@P@xQ@TArial (TT)Arial (Bold) (TT)Times New Roman (Bold) (TT)Times New Roman (TT)Arial (Italic) (TT)QuickFormat1—,H3, EE7%17%cg%1:HEg%1HLF1@BB#A\  PP#  #A\  PP#  "5@^/7O\\x(77Aa/7//\\\\\\\\\\77aaafxxxxofx/\xfxoxofxooof7/7a\7\f\f\7ff//\/ffffA\7f\\\TA/Aa/7777BE7\fx\x\x\x\x\x\o\o\o\o\////////xfffffxfxfxfxfo\x\xfffo\xfofx\x\x\x\x\x\o\o\o\ffffxfxfBf7f77/f\x\f/fExfxffxAxEo\o\N:/\\7f\\\\\==\7{{\7//TT\77\\/T77t7[[[[aee*B`a-wS\\n[Cfx`xWkRx[\[ceIfIs`Wx[rriwhe}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}/7O\\x(77Aa/7//\\\\\\\\\\77aaafxxxxofx/\xfxoxofxooof7/7a\7\f\f\7ff//\/ffffA\7f\\\TA/Aa}}}/\T\\7o7}}}}//TT:\7\7}}o/7\\\\/\7{=\a7{\B[777`\/77=\fxxxxxxxoooo////xxaxxxxoof\\\\\\\\\\\////fffffff[fffff\f"5@^2Boddȧ8BBdr2B28ddddddddddBBrrrdzNdzoȐB8BtdBdoYoYBdo8Bo8odooYNBodddYO,Oh2BB!BBPRBdodddddȐYYYYYN8N8N8N8oddddooooddoddddzodddYYYYYYddddooPoNoNBNodo8RoodȐYYoNoNNF2ldBddddddC,;C;C;,CC%%C%hCCCC,4%CC`CC;@@H!,,,,57,CC`;`;`;`;`;wYY;R;R;R;R;,%,%,%,%`C`C`C`C`C`C`C`C`C`C`;`C`C`C`C`CJC`C`;`;Y;Y;Y;R;R;R;`C`C``C`C`C`C5C,C,,,C4`CR%R7`C`C`Cw`Y,Y7J4J4N/!C,;C;C;,CC%%C%hCCCC,4%CC`CC;@@Hhhh,C;CC,J,whhhh,,;;/C,4,`hh`!,CCCCC,e%CK,eC5I((,Mhurting both American and Ugandan interests. In real terms, a reduction would mean training fewer  d(#Zprimary teachers and health workers, canceling procurement of desperatelyneeded equipment for schools  d(#/and health centers, reducing credit for poor rural business people, and scaling back support to non d(#governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in HIV testing and counseling. Because most planned  d(#activities are underway, we are already engaged with, and committed to, numerous partner organizations  d(#xand communities. Resource cuts will jeopardize contracts and grants with our U.S. partners and undermine the development efforts and aspirations of the Ugandan people.  d(#Four strategic objectives (SOs) and one specific objective comprise USAID's program of assistance to  d(#>Uganda. While activities under each SO target specific development problems, the SOs are mutually reinforcing and in some cases contribute to the achievement of more than one Agency goal.  H$- Agency Goal: Encouraging BroadBased Economic Growth  d(#=Underlying sustainable development in Uganda is continuing political stability and broadbased economic  d(#yprogress. The benefits of growth will have broader impact if shared, especially among the majority rural population. Two of USAID's four strategic objectives address this pressing need. "(0*0*0**"Ԍ d(#LSO 1 aims to increase income from onfarm activities, primarily by promoting nontraditional exports, and  d(#.from offfarm activities by encouraging the growth of micro and small enterprises, and by improving the  d(#Kbusiness environment. Increasing nontraditional agriculture exports can benefit thousands of marginalized  d(#-farmers. Title II resources are an integral part of the Mission's strategic objective in economic growth. Title  d(#II is used to improve rural infrastructure and expand opportunities to grow and market traditional export  d(#lcrops including coffee, tea, cotton and tobacco. The Title II resource is also used to revitalize the  d(#Cooperative Bank, the only formal financial institution active in agricultural credit. A successful example is  d(#=a pyrethrum activity promoted by a U.S. investor and financed under a USAIDsupported venture capital  d(#xfund in the remote southern part of the country has tripled income for over 3,000 producers, mostly women.  d(#The Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA), a U.S. NGO, has organized over 1,000  d(#iwomen into savings groups that have borrowed, and repaid, over $400,000 during the last two years. This is a significant achievement in a country where rural credit programs have a reputation for failure.  d(#=SO 3 responds to the longterm need for literacy and other basic skills in order to boost productivity and  d(#Kprovide an informed and responsible electorate. USAID's policy dialogue has strengthened the Government  d(#of Uganda's ability to adopt policies leading to wholesale reform of the primary education system. New  d(#policies have resulted in the construction of hundreds of classrooms, the removal of thousands of  d(#redundant, untrained teachers from the payrolls and a sixfold increase in teachers' salaries, inservice  d(#=training for thousands of other teachers, and the purchase of 1.5 million textbooks. During the last year the percentage of untrained teachers in the classroom fell from 50% to 40%. , Strategic Objective 1: Increase Rural Household Incomes , Strategic Objective 3: Improve the Quality and Efficiency of Basic Education  H- Agency Goal: Protecting the Environment  d(#USAID selected Uganda as a Biodiversity Priority Country containing unique, essential ecosystems critical  d(#to the conservation of globallyimportant biodiversity. Uganda's unique biodiversity has been placed at risk  d(#by intense and increasing population pressures, poverty, unsustainable naturalresource management  d(#practices, and a history of conflict. Therefore, this Strategic Objective addresses the challenge of biodiversity conservation by assisting Uganda to maintain the integrity of targeted biodiverse ecosystems.  d(#USAID emphasizes naturalresource planning, strengthening management of protected areas and support  d(#to NGOs engaged in activities which integrate conservation and development in and around protected  d(#<areas. Uganda successfully completed a National Environmental Action Plan in May 1995 with the passage  d(#Nof landmark implementation legislation. The new legislation defines both needs and guidelines for  d(#biodiversity conservation. Management of Uganda's protected areas, USAID's target areas for biodiversity  d(#[stabilization, by the Uganda Wildlife Authority has improved markedly through strengthened management  d(#capacity, improved infrastructure, and higher revenues from ecotourism. Finally, the incentives and ability  d(#of local communities to conserve biodiversity have grown due to new revenuesharing policies, access to resources, and ongoing conservation education. , Strategic Objective 2: Stabilize Biodiversity in Target Areas  H`"- Agency Goal: ` ` Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health (#`  d(#[Uganda was among the first countries in Africa to be hit hard by the HIV pandemic. Close to 10% of the  d(#.total population may be infected, and cases are mostly among adults in the prime of their economic lives  d(#and those about to enter this age group. A large, and generally unattended, problem with sexually transmitted infections is probably a significant contributor to continuing HIV incidence.  d(#With one of the highest fertility rates in Africa, Uganda has a serious population problem. At current rates,  d(#=the population will double in 21 years. This has resulted in a disproportionately large number of children  d(#dependent upon a correspondingly small number of adults. In Uganda over 50% of the population is under"h)0*0*0*z+"  d(#20 years old. Women have an average of 6.8 children each, so many that childbearing poses a significant  d(#health threat to both women and children. Although precise figures are not available, prevailing opinion is  d(#that maternal mortality is extremely high, and poor childspacing contributes to poor nutrition, which in turn  d(#leads to sickness and physical and mental stunting. Infant mortality has been estimated at 81/1,000 live births, a surprising figure in that it is lower than most countries in SubSaharan Africa.  d(#kFertility has dropped since 1989, and it appears that Uganda is entering a period of significant fertility  d(#decline. While the causes for this decline are complex, USAID's support for family planning and use of  d(#modern contraceptives has played an important role. Contraceptive use has increased from 2.5% to 7.8%  d(#.since 1991. USAID's socialmarketing program has helped create a robust commercial market for family  d(#planning and maternal health services. It also appears that the incidence of new HIV infection has levelled  d(# off and actually started to decline. Constraints that USAID will address include poorly trained health workers, reluctance among many Ugandans to use modern health services. , Strategic Objective 4: Improve the Reproductive Health of Ugandans  H - Agency Goal:` ` Building Democracy (#`  d(#iUganda has made encouraging progress toward becoming a constitutional democracy. Over the past three  d(#Kyears, the first free and fair national elections were completed, a new democratic constitution promulgated,  d(#[and human rights abuses almost eliminated. USAID leadership, technical assistance and financing made  d(#a major contribution to these achievements. USAID was actively involved with the preparations for the  d(#jgeneral elections for president and parliament, held in May 1996. Although there were a few allegations  d(#of election irregularities made primarily by the opposition, the election results were validated, and the first  d(#jfree, peaceful and democraticallyelected president has been inaugurated. Building on the foundation of  d(#the 1995 constitution, and following the 1996 elections, USAID anticipates funding activities in civic  d(#education, judicial improvement and human rights defense. These activities are aimed at assisting Uganda to spread the benefits of democracy to the grassroots level. , Specific Objective: Establish a Constitutional Democracy "0*0*0*@"  X-7m#Xz_ p^7X#UGANDA -FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY h ddx !ddxK8HZ h    &&   aE#O P7?P#J  { Encouraging  Broadbased Economic  Growth#   3TAStabilizing#O P7?P#у TJWorld Population ?TBGrowth & BT@Protecting TFHuman TGHealth#   Protecting the Environment#   Building Democracy#   W^Providing Humanitarian A^Assistance#    aE} Q_ f TOTALS ă  K &&   aE  USAID Strategic  aEQ Objectives                #  &&  1. Increase Rural Household Incomes Dev. Fund for Africa P.L. 480, Title II  ` D11,847,316        `%4,387,000  `"x11,847,316 `"w4,387,000  z   &v&  2. Stabilize Biodiversity in Target Areas Dev. Fund for Africav  v v  `Md8,306,527v v v  `"w8,306,527z    &v&  3. Improve the Quality and Efficiency of Basic Education Dev. Fund for Africa  ` D11,691,760    `S643,597   `"t12,335,357  z  &v&  4. Improve the Reproductive Health of Ugandans Dev. Fund for Africa+v  `DD-+v  `2G15,541,157+v  +v  +v  +v  `"x15,541,157z    &v&   aE Totals Dev. Fund for Africa P.L. 480, Title II  ` D23,539,076   `2G15,541,157  `Md8,306,527  `S643,597  `L `%4,387,000  `"r48,030,357 `"w4,387,000  +  ~J-`(##c P7/P##J2PQP#USAID Mission Director: Donald B. Clark "0*0*0*4" #J2PQP#IOACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM: UGANDA  JZ- TITLE and NUMBER: Increase Rural Household Income, 617S001  J$- STATUS: Continuing  J- d(# PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997 $11,847,316 DFA, $4,387,000 P.L. 480, Title II  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001  ~J- d(#Purpose: To increase rural household income. Increasing income will enhance food security, alleviate poverty and contribute to an improved quality of life for the majority of Ugandans.  ~Jj - d(#Background: USAID's development efforts must result in a better life for the 80% of the people living in  d(#poor rural areas. This depends upon higher household income through increased on and offfarm  d(#production and better use of family resources. Four ongoing activities, as well as the P.L. 480, Title II  d(# Program, work to increase household income. Two activities are aimed at expanding nontraditional  d(#agricultural exports (NTAEs) in areas where Uganda has a natural comparative advantage. Title II  d(#resources are also integrated into the strategy by supporting rural infrastructure improvement and expanding  d(#opportunities to grow and market traditional exports crops including coffee, tea, cotton and tobacco. NTAEs  d(#can benefit thousands of small farmers. For example, an activity to cultivate pyrethrum, the foundation for  d(#natural insecticide, was promoted by a U.S. investor in the remote southern part of the country. It has  d(#Ktripled income for over 3,000, mostly women, producers. A third activity is expanding employment with off d(#farm activities with small amounts of credit to support agriculturalbased businesses such as sunflower oil  d(#production. This credit is designed to respond to needs among small and micro enterprises. USAID is also  d(#working to build an appropriate business environment for small entrepreneurs in rural Uganda. The  d(#Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA), a U.S. nongovernmental organization (NGO),  d(#has organized over 1,000 women into savings groups that have borrowed and repaid over $400,000  d(#during the last two years. This is a significant achievement in a country where rural credit programs have uniformly failed.  ~Jz- d(#USAID Role and Achievements To Date: USAID acts as a facilitator and catalyst to create an enabling  d(#<environment in which entrepreneurs can take advantage of Uganda's natural comparative advantages, and  d(#\new market opportunities emerge. This entails many diverse activities, from working with farmers to  d(#improve farming, storage and handling, to helping business people put deals together, and rehabilitating  d(#longimpassable rural roads. Our program is working. NTAEs grew at an average annual rate of 35%  d(#between 1990 and 1994. Returns to rural labor associated with NTAE production increased at an average  d(#annual rate of 25% over the 19901993 period, well in excess of the growth of per capita gross domestic  d(#product (GDP). These achievements translate into a better quality of life for Ugandans. For example,  d(#Lwomen in one of the NTAEproducing areas confirmed increased incomes and stated that they are now better able to pay for school fees, medical care, and food.  ~J - d(#Description: Accomplishing this effort relies on increasing rural business activity, including farm businesses.  d(#NActions funded under four principal activities lead to this result. The Cooperative Agriculture and  d(#Agribusiness Support (CAAS) activity increases agricultural productivity and rural incomes through an  d(#=increased supply of inputs, liberalized marketing and assistance to agribusiness. Resources from a P.L.  d(#]480, Title II monetization program support these objectives. The Agriculture NonTraditional Export  d(#LPromotion (ANEP) activity aims at alleviating public and private sector constraints to export of a range of  d(#NTAEs, in part by strengthening analytic and policymaking capacity. The Investment in Developing  d(#Agricultural Exports (IDEA) activity helps to diversify NTAEs by expanding food crop exports such as maize  d(#and beans to other countries of the Greater Horn, thereby enhancing regional food security, and meeting  d(#regional demands for basic food requirements. The Private Enterprise Support, Training and Organizational  d(#\Development (PRESTO) activity is expanding rural credit through U.S. private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and local financial institutions and tackling policy and regulatory constraints to business development."(0*0*0**4"Ԍ ~J- d(#ԙHost Country and Other Donors: Alleviating poverty is the Government of Uganda's (GOU) highest  d(#0development priority. The GOU is committed to creating the proper enabling environment through  d(#disciplined adherence to structural reforms such as the abolition of marketing boards and liberalized trade  d(#and payments systems. Achievements realized under the SO require a primary role by the private sector.  d(#\USAID's chief collaborators are the World Bank and the European Union, although most major donors  d(#address the problems under this SO with activities designed to raise income and alleviate poverty. To improve coordination, a private sector donor subgroup, chaired by USAID, meets monthly.  ~J@- d(#yBeneficiaries: Fourteen million Ugandans living in rural areas are the target beneficiaries of this strategic objective.  ~J- d(#/Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Activities contributing to the achievement of SO 1 are  d(#?implemented by a number of U.S. contractors and PVOs. These include Chemonics International,  d(#Agricultural Cooperative Development International, the Foundation for International Community Assistance,  d(#Land O'Lakes, and Mississippi State University. A U.S. firm is currently being selected to implement the Private Enterprise Support, Training and Organizational Development activity.  ~JH -Major Results Indicators:  ~J-` `  hhCqBaseline  )Target  ~J-Average household expenditureshhCq100 (1992)  )137 (1998)a ~J0-ԍXRepresents a 3.5% annual growth rate in average rural expenditures. Therefore, the baseline is taken as 100%. (#Ʃ  ~J-Increase in NTAEs hhCq$33.7 million (1990)  )$138 million (1998 )  ~Jh-Increase in savers and repeat rural borrowersq1,000 (1995)  )6,000(1998)  ~J0-in USAIDsupported programshhCq "(# 0*0*0*$4" IOACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM : UGANDA  JZ- TITLE AND NUMBER : Stabilize Biodiversity in Target Areas, 617S002  J$- STATUS : Continuing  J- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE : FY 1997: $8,306,527 DFA  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION : FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE :FY 1997  ~JJ-Purpose: To maintain the integrity of globallyimportant biodiverse ecosystems.  ~J- d(#Background: USAID has designated Uganda as a biodiversity priority country containing ecosystems  d(#critical to the conservation of globallyimportant biodiversity. However, this unique biodiversity is imperiled  d(#by unsustainable naturalresource management practices. USAID is assisting Uganda to maintain the  d(#jintegrity of targeted biodiverse ecosystems. USAID's Action Program for the Environment (APE) activity is the principal component of this strategic objective (SO).  ~J - d(#USAID Role and Achievements to Date: At a national level, USAID supports activities designed to establish  d(#an appropriate policy and institutional framework for environmental management; and at the local (e.g.,  d(#protected area) level APE activities assist the National Parks and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)  ~J- d(#to better manage protected areas.    USAID's efforts have led to major improvements in Uganda's  d(#environmental policy and institutional framework. A National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was  d(#adopted with landmark legislation signed into law. Six new national parks have been created since 1991,  d(#Zbringing to 10 the number of parks within Uganda's protected area system. These parks are USAID's target  ~J- d(#iareas for biodiversity stabilization, including basic repositories for in situ conservation in Uganda. Important  d(#yprogress has also been made outside the policy arena. Tourism has increased fivefold since 1991, with  d(#a concomitant tenfold increase in parkuser fees. Privatization of stateowned tourism concessions, and  d(#numerous ecotourism ventures launched by local communities intent on capitalizing on increasing numbers  d(#/of tourists, have created significant employment. The parks system has adopted a policy of sharing  d(#revenue with local communities, and sustainable multipleuse practices have allowed bufferzone  d(#communities continued access to park resources. Finally, local communities participate in park  d(#management. USAID is also assisting the Government of Uganda (GOU) to respond to the uncontrolled spread of destructive water hyacinth plants in the countries adjacent to Lake Victoria.  ~J- d(#Description: At the national level, assistance focuses on the development and implementation of a  d(#comprehensive strategy to address environmental issues through policy, legislation and institutional reform d(#the NEAP. Technical assistance and training have resulted in the adoption and implementation of the plan.  d(#>At the local level, USAIDfunded U.S. and local NGOs strengthen management of protected areas by  d(#creating conservation incentives for local communities; promoting conservation through revenue sharing,  d(#=and by increasing public awareness. USAID also supports research aimed at improving protectedarea  d(# management and increasing environmental management capacity of GOU agencies, local NGOs and  d(#communitybased organizations. A U.S. firm is assisting the GOU to contain the economic and environmental damage caused by the proliferation of water hyacinths on the region's lakes and rivers.  ~J!- d(#.Host Country and Other Donors: USAID works most closely with the National Environment Management  d(#Authority on broad policy and institutional issues, and with the Uganda Wildlife Authority on protectedarea  d(#management issues. USAID collaborates with other donors, including the World Bank, the International  d(#Union for the Conservation of Nature, German Technical Cooperation, the European Community and Danish International Development Agency to ensure overall donor coordination in natural resource management.  ~JR&- d(#Beneficiaries: Activities implemented under this SO benefit the nation as a whole through improved  d(#management of the country's natural resources and increased foreign exchange and employment from an  d(#.expanding ecotourism industry. Activities implemented by NGOs in the buffer zones of protected areas"'0*0*0*)4"  d(#benefit rural communities surrounding national parks. USAID efforts to control water hyacinth benefit riparian communities around Lake Victoria.  ~JX- d(#Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Activities contributing to the achievement of SO 2 are  d(#Kimplemented by U.S. contractors, private nonprofit companies, and U.S. and hostcountry private voluntary  d(#organizations (PVOs) and NGOs. These include Tropical Research and Development, Aquatics Unlimited,  d(#kVolunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance, Agricultural Cooperative Development International,  d(#Consortium for International Development, Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE), World Wide Fund for Nature, and African Wildlife Foundation.  ~J-Major Results Indicators:  ~J-` `  hhCBaselineppTarget  ~J` -% current surface areas maintained` a ~J -ԍXThis measure assesses the area of national park protected by national wardens. (#ƉhhC40% (1986)pp100% (1997)  ~J( -Annual park user fees revenueshhC$74,000 (1991) pp$1 million (1997)  ~J -Increase in buffer zone employmenthhC0 (1989) pp12,000 (1997)  ~J -Increase in % park staff trainedhhC0% (1989) pp60% (1997) " X0*0*0*4" IOACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM: UGANDA  JZ-TITLE AND NUMBER: Improve the Quality and Efficiency of Basic Education, 617S003  J$-STATUS: Continuing  J-PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $12,335,357 DFA  J-INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001  ~JJ-Purpose: To improve the quality and efficiency of basic education.  ~J- d(#/Background: Basic education is fundamental to sustainable development, and is one of the essential  d(#elements in USAID's strategy of encouraging broadbased economic growth. Primary education has a  d(#idecisive impact on all four of USAID's Strategic Objectives in Uganda. There is a strong correlation between  d(#investments in education and increased productivity and life expectancy, reduced fertility and poverty,  d(#improved income and distribution, and democracy. A recent study in Uganda demonstrated a strong  d(#Zcorrelation between education and the adoption of behaviors to avoid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.  d(#One critical precondition for Uganda's longterm success in social and economic reforms is the availability  d(#Lof people with appropriate training and skills in a broad range of technical, professional and commercial  d(#jareas. The skill level of primary school graduates must increase dramatically to provide the basis for this  d(#training. Uganda's education system is constrained by limited access, poor quality and dilapidated physical  d(#infrastructure. USAID assistance supports the Government of Uganda's (GOU) priority policy goals within a cohesive education reform program.  ~J- d(#zUSAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID finances key elements of the GOU's education reform  d(#program. After three years significant results have been achieved. Some 5,000 principals, teachers, and  d(#tutors, representing 7% of the primary teaching force, are currently enrolled in USAIDsponsored inservice  d(#training programs. As a result of policy dialogue, the GOU has committed itself to increasing teachers  d(#salaries to a minimum living wage of $70 per month. Since 1992, the GOU has increased teachers' salaries  d(#Lfrom the equivalent of $8 per month to $51 per month in 1995. For the first time in two decades, primary  d(#schools have been given a budget and permitted to select and order a total of 1.5 million textbooks. During the last two years, communities have been mobilized to build an additional 1,000 classrooms.  ~J- d(#Description: USAIDs education program targets four policy objectives as precursors to establishing an  d(#environment in which education can once again flourish. The first is to help reestablish teaching as a  d(#respected professionby bettering salaries and working conditions, upgrading skills and certification through  d(#Linservice training, and improving school management. The second is to work with the GOU to increase  d(#the level of resources available for primary education by improving resource allocation and budgeting. A  d(#Mrelated objective is to increase availability of instructional materials by allocating more resources and  d(#kliberalizing the procurement process. Decentralization is an important principle in this activity. Prior to  d(#USAID's involvement, a corrupt and monopolized market for school supplies was in place. Finally, USAID's  d(#program is encouraging local communities to become more involved and responsible for meeting students'  d(#=educational needs. At the same time, the school systems are encouraged to become more accountable to parents and students.  ~J#- d(#Host Country and Other Donors: USAIDs resources complement those of other donors in the education  d(#sector. USAID funds educational reform alongside the World Bank's efforts by financing agreedupon  d(#activities from the GOU's reform agenda. Other participants in the primary education sector include the  d(#United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA), and,  d(#on a smaller scale, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as World Vision, ActionAid, InterAid and the Aga Khan Foundation. "( 0*0*0**4"Ԍ ~J-Beneficiaries: Two and a half million primary school pupils and 75,000 primary teachers directly benefit.  ~J- xPrincipal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Activities contributing to the achievement of SO 3 are  ximplemented by a number of U.S. institutions. These include the Academy for Educational Development  x(AED), the Institute for International Research (IIR), Creative Associates, the University of Massachusetts, and the Research Triangle Institute.  ~Jx-Major Results Indicators:  ~J@-x` `  hh@BaselineppTarget  ~J-Increased efficiency of basic education:@72% (1990)pp85% (2002)  ~J-% of pupils passing grade 7 hh@  ~J-Number of years of school providedhh@32 yrs+ (1990)pp12 yrs+ (2002)  ~J` -per primary school graduate` a ~J -ԍ XThis measure is the average number of years of instruction provided per primary school graduate, or completion of seventh grade. (#Ƽhh@  ~J( -Increased number of students using hh@1:6 (1990)pp1:3 (2002) relevant educational materials: Bookpupil ratio increased to a minimum of one set of four core books for every three  ~JH -pupilsx` `  hh@h  ~J-Increased number of effective teachers:  ~J-% of qualified Grade III teachershh@49% (1990)pp90% (2002) Increased girls' persistence  ~Jh-% of girls enrolled in grade 7 as a %hh@24% (1990)pp40% (2002)  ~J0-of girls who start schoolhh@ " 0*0*0*4" IACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM : UGANDA  JZ- TITLE AND NUMBER : Improve the Reproductive Health of Ugandans, 617S004  J$- STATUS : Continuing  J- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE : FY 1997: $15,541,157 DFA  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION : FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE : FY 1999  ~JJ-Purpose: To reduce fertility and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).  ~J- xBackground: Uganda's current fertility of 6.8 is among the highest in Africa. Although 67% of married  xwomen either want no more children or want to delay their next pregnancy by at least two years, only 7.8%  x@are currently using modern family planning. Estimates of maternal mortality range from 600 to  x>1,000/100,000 live births. Uganda also has one of the highest rates of HIV prevalence in the world.  xApproximately 1.9 million Ugandans have been infected, and over 400,000 have died. Estimated  xjprevalence is as high as 20% of the adult population of some urban populations. Poorly trained and paid  xhealth staff at insufficient health facilities, popular misconceptions about family planning and HIV, high  xiprevalence of sexuallytransmitted diseases (STDs), traditional sexual norms and the status of women, and low condom utilization are major constraints.  ~J- x>USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Since 1989, when USAID involvement in family planning and  xAcquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) began with modest support, fertility has begun to drop and  xLthe use of modern family planning has more than tripled. A 1995 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)  xconcluded that "...Uganda is witnessing a period of rapid fertility decline." The DHS also indicates that  xknowledge of AIDS is nearly universal and that knowledge that AIDS can be prevented is on the order of  x90%. The country is witnessing a decline in the number of new HIV infections (measured among women  xwho attend prenatal clinics) after years of steady increases, with clear indications of important changes  xin sexual behavior and steadily increasing use of condoms. Evaluation data clearly indicate that USAID  xprojects have been effective contributors to these trends. USAID project beneficiaries report reductions in multiple and casual partners and increased condom utilization.  ~JB- xDescription: USAIDsupported activities seek to reduce fertility and HIV transmission by increasing the  xutilization of basic reproductive health services (family planning and maternal health, STDs/HIV), improving  xthe quality of those services and changing behaviors in selected areas of Uganda. The SO 4 portfolio  x\includes six sets of activities intended to: (1) increase availability of goodquality services in health  xfacilities; (2) increase availability of goodquality services at the community level; (3) provide the public  xwith correct information and motivation to use available services and adopt preventive behaviors; (4)  xZincrease availability of contraceptives through the private sector; (5) increase revenue generation in health facilities; and (6) strengthen privatesector provider organizations.  ~JJ- x.Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is the largest bilateral donor in reproductive health, followed by  xythe British Overseas Development Agency. Among the multilaterals, the World Bank is the largest donor,  xwith substantial investments in controlling sexually transmitted infections and improving districtlevel health  xservices. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is also a major actor in family planning. The  x=Government of Uganda has encouraged these donors to work in different districts to spread resources  xevenly around the country and avoid overlap, with the Ministry of Health assuming an overall coordination  xLrole. USAID has closely coordinated with the World Bank in reproductive health, with the Bank agreeing  x>to finance commodities to complement USAID's provision of technical assistance. The United Nations  xChildren's Fund (UNICEF) is a major source of funds for child survival activities. The United Nations  xDevelopment Program (UNDP) and the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) are significant sources of AIDS funding. "' 0*0*0*)4"Ԍ ~J- xBeneficiaries: USAIDfunded programs are active in 13 of Uganda's 39 districts, which include about 35%  x.of Uganda's population of around 20,000,000. Thus, about 7 million people are potential beneficiaries of  d(#yactivities in the SO 4 portfolio. Women from 15 to 45 years of age in these districts total about 1,500,000  d(#and are the direct beneficiaries of family planning and maternal health services. In addition, the social d(#jmarketing program has created commercial markets for condoms and oral contraceptives throughout the country.  ~Jx- xPrincipal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Pathfinder International, Johns Hopkins University, University  xof North Carolina, E. Petrich and Assoc., Futures Group, African Medical and Research Foundation,  xCooperative for American Relief Everywhere, AIDS Information Center, AIDS Support Organization, Association for Voluntary Safe Contraception, and John Snow International.  ~J` -Major Results Indicators:  ~J( -x` `  hhBaselineB( a ~J -ԍTo be determined.B hppTargets( X͡  ~J -Total Fertility Rate hh6.8 (1995)hpp6.0 (1999)  ~J -Contraceptive Distributionhhto be set 1996h  ~J -HIV prevalence, 15 19 yearhh12.5% (1995)hpp 3% decrease (1998)  ~JH -old women` `   hh@hpp  ~J-Condom Distribution hhTBD (1996)hppTBD