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Фггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааTechnical 8јШ6‡Technical 8_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆвШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШEѕ7ы8ааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггУ УФ Фггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааPleading- јШ6‡PleadingЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШEђ9ш:ааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааBullet ListјШ6‡Bullet List_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ!вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE;<ггггггггћџ2z-€n+ 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2a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ*вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE'ђMшNааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXАј` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ0ААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааDocument 3aјШ6‡Document 3a_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ+вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE(OPггггггггRight Par 3aјШ6‡Right Par 3a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ,вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE)ђQшRааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` P И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааRight Par 4aјШ6‡Right Par 4a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ-вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE*ђSшTааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И Ј hРpШ xа 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2aјШ6‡Technical 2a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ5вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE2cdггггггггћџ2 N3€0I48АI5€шK68hLTechnical 3aјШ6‡Technical 3a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ6вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE3efггггггггTechnical 4aјШ6‡Technical 4a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ7вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE4ѕgыhааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггУ УФ Фггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааTechnical 1aјШ6‡Technical 1a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ8вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE5ijггггггггTechnical 7aјШ6‡Technical 7a$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ9вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE6ѕkыlааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггУ УФ Фггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2 W78вN82 Q922h^toc 3.А'->јШ6‡toc 30ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ>вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE;ђuшvааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И ќ!(#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ ААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааtoc 4.А'-?јШ6‡toc 40ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ?вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE<ђwшxааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџИ ќ!(#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ ААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааtoc 5.А'-@јШ6‡toc 50ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆ@вШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE=ђyшzааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџhќ!(#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ ААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааtoc 6.А'-AјШ6‡toc 60ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆAвШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE>ђ{ш|ааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАќ!(#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2ьg?ŠЬ`@2VaA2ˆcB2Кetoc 7.А'-BјШ6‡toc 70ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆBвШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE?}~ааггггггггtoc 8.А'-CјШ6‡toc 80ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆCвШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШE@ђш€ааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАќ!(#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа 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referenceLБ'-ˆKвШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШEHггггУУheaderА'-LјШ6‡header0ЗD_$ТШ=('LБ'-ˆLвШљ*'аШЏ2.А'-цШEIђ‘ш’ааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАРа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ ААааггггггггааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааб#єx Œ @ЩЧ;X@#баав ШX0УУФФ УУФФШX0УУФФ УУФФ вћџ2ёw0ьqџџџџџџЋєx Œ @ЩЧ;X@< Œ 9€`("Courier 10cpiXєx Œ @ЩЧ;X@< Œ 9€`("Courier 10cpiXєixа№P7ћєP,xа№A€`&Univers (Scalable)єМ“xа№P7ћМP,xа№A€`&Univers (Scalable)Мєixа№P7ћєP,xа№A€`&Univers (Scalable)єєx Œ @ЩЧ;X@< Œ 9€`("Courier 10cpiXєixа№P7ћєP,xа№A€`&Univers (Scalable)єOЯОІ Pь7ћP)ЯОІ €`(CG Times (Scalable)єixа№P7ћєP,xа№A€`&Univers (Scalable)єћџ2#x+x#|xб#єixа№P7ћєP#б У УСрfь'СSENEGALƒ ааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА(#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааFY 1997 Development Fund for Africa: $27,424,532Ф Ф ааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа У УIntroduction.Ф Ф Senegal is one of the few politically stable, multiparty democracies in Africa. Largely Moslem, it is a moderate secular nation. Senegal plays an important and constructive role on a number of security and peacekeeping issues throughout the Continent (e.g. the Gambia, Liberia and Somalia). It is in the U.S. interest to strengthen Senegal's stabilizing influence in Africa and the Islamic world by supporting its democratic and human rights efforts and its successful transition to a competitive, marketЉbased economy. Senegal's status quo as a proЉWestern, stable democracy supports U.S. political and economic interests in the region. У УThe Development Challenge.Ф Ф Long recognized as a "democratic model" in Africa, Senegal is still among the world's neediest countries. Despite its political stability, Senegal's economic growth has been poor and virtually negated by high population growth (currently 2.7% or doubling every 25 years). GDP per capita ($561 in 1995) has stagnated since independence. Economic recovery and sustainable growth will be essential for Senegal to maintain its stability and to continue its socioЉpolitical democratic evolution. A major challenge lies in Senegal's deteriorating natural resource base. Its increasingly fragile ecosystem is vulnerable to locusts, drought and desertification. Domestic production of food crops has not kept pace with Senegal's population of 8.3 million. In spite of its relatively small share of GDP (21%), agriculture is still the principal source of income for about 70% of the population. However, wind and water erosion, reduced rainfall, and declining soil fertility have severely constrained Senegal's farmers from increasing crop productivity. Also, government market regulation, price subsidies and the dominance of government owned corporations, coupled with recurring drought, have discouraged farmers from food production and cash crop diversification. Health and social services in Senegal are extremely limited, especially for women and children. Maternal mortality is high (510 per 100,000 live births) and many infants die of preventable diseases. The country suffers from relatively high childhood mortality rates (131 per 1,000) high illiteracy rates (61.7% in 1990) and an average life expectancy of only 49 years. Annual increases in the work force have overwhelmed the country's meager capacity to generate new jobs. In 1994, the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc (the currency of the West African Financial Community) provided a new impetus for economic change. The Senegalese government's management of the economy has dramatically improved and Senegal has made progress in privatization and market liberalization. The devaluation has allowed Senegal to renew structural adjustment programs with both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Senegal's export economy and many industries have been revitalized. USAID has played a major role in Senegal's liberalization efforts, greatly increasing the private sector's role in the economy. The liberalization of agricultural markets and elimination of governmentЉowned corporations has brought about marketЉbased (instead of government controlled) pricing for major agricultural products. The country's economic policy has been liberalized and market competition has improved. The government has moved out of rice importing and marketing and is now privatizing the giant groundnut sector. Despite these noteworthy policy reforms, the achievement of sustainable economic growth and development in health, agriculture, and natural resources management remains a major challenge for Senegal. Employment, agricultural production and the environment are of primary concern. USAID's proposed assistance is built on recent progress in these priority areas. У УOther DonorsФ Ф. At the July 1995 Consultative Group Meeting on Senegal, donors pledged approximately $1.5 billion for development activities and assistance to Senegal from 1995Љ1997. USAID provides approximately 9% of total official development assistance to Senegal, placing the United States as the third largest bilateral donor (behind France and Italy) and the sixth largest donor overall. Other major donors are the IMF, World Bank, and European Union (EU). Œ™У УFY 1997 Program.Ф Ф The USAID/Senegal program focuses on two longЉrange issues critical to broadЉbased economic growth: excessive population growth and the deterioration of the environment. U.S. assistance emphasizes development that is equitable, participatory, self reliant and environmentally sustainable. Senegal can only achieve faster economic growth by addressing the high rate of population growth which has undermined increases in production and productivity. Population growth has also aggravated the deterioration of the country's fragile natural resource base, severely limiting the sustainable growth potential of Senegal's agricultural economy. Roughly 40% of USAID's budget will be allocated to protecting the environment, 30% to stabilizing population growth and protecting human health, 28% to encouraging broadЉbased economic growth and 2% to building democracy. У УAgency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health Ф Ф It is in the U.S. national interest to help decrease family size in Senegal and to slow Senegal's 2.7% annual population growth rate. Rapid population growth has a transnational impact: if left unchecked, it will virtually negate Senegal's economic gains, hasten environmental damage, exacerbate poverty and impede democratic governance. To counter the current trend, USAID's population program relies on both public and private family planning services. USAID's strategy is to strengthen family planning services in order to meet a significant unmet demand in rural areas and urban centers. Child survival activities supporting the acceptance of family planning are included in this program. Senegal's family planning efforts continue to achieve significant results and USAID, the leading donor in family planning and population, has played a key role in achieving these results. From 1986 to 1995, Senegal's total fertility rate declined roughly 10%, from 6.6 to 5.9 births/woman. This is significantly ahead of the originally scheduled target of 6.0 in 1997. The usage rate (contraceptive prevalence rate) for modern methods such as condoms and pills rose from 2.4% in 1986 to 4.8% in 1992. It is estimated to be 5.6% in 1995. USAID activities include information campaigns, education, and communications/outreach to bring about a broad public commitment to voluntary family planning programs. USAID's child survival activities have helped decrease infant mortality (0Љ1 year of age) from 86 deaths per 1,000 live births to 66 deaths per 1,000 live births. Overall child mortality (under five years of age) has decreased from 191 deaths per 1,000 live births to 131 deaths per 1,000 live births. Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are now widely used in rural clinics and village health posts to control diarrheal diseases. Due to USAID interventions, ORS use has significantly increased from 7% in 1986 to 31% in 1993. USAID is also undertaking efforts to control the spread of HIV/AIDS. General awareness of AIDS in Senegal is high. Over 89% of women ages 15Љ49 and 97% of men ages 20 and over know of AIDS. Only about twoЉthirds know of at least one method of prevention. Condom use is among the mostЉoften cited methods, but the role of condoms in preventing AIDS is still not widely recognized. About 74% of men and 68% of women know of at least one mode by which HIV is transmitted. Performance under this USAID strategic objective has been impressive.. Due to the rapid decline in Senegal's fertility rate, USAID modified its performance target from 6.0 to 5.7 births/woman in 1997. With a reasonable level of resources, the United States can continue to make good progress in this field. РР Strategic Objective 1:СИ И СDecrease Family Size У УAgency Goal: Encouraging BroadЉbased Economic GrowthФ Ф Senegal is faced with a fragile natural resource base and increased food dependency. Past failures to privatize and liberalize the economy, controlled pricing and marketing policies, lack of market information and the absence of rural credit have stymied growth in the rural sector. The Government of Senegal (GOS) and USAID are now looking to the agriculture sector and to the private sector as catalysts for broadЉbased economic growth. USAID's strategy is to increase private incomes derived from the sustainable use of natural resources. Focus is on minimizing government regulation and expanding private activity, especially in Senegal's large rice markets. USAID is helping to increase incomes through the production and sale of agricultural and natural resourceЉbased products. The 1995 crop forecast indicates that yields have indeed increased for sorghum, millet, rice, maize, and groundnuts. Œ™USAID support for privatization and liberalization has yielded notable gains. The GOS has liquidated the government owned (parastatal) rice marketing board. The National Assembly has passed legislation to privatize the giant groundnut processing parastatal. These organizations were the major government controlled enterprises in the agricultural sector. Other key results to date include: (1) the percentage of agricultural products marketed through the private sector increased from 46% in 1991 to 71% in 1995; (2) the number of wholesale cereal traders in Dakar increased from 300 to 390 and outside Dakar from 190 to 532 (greatly exceeding targets) and (3) government regulations and involvement in the private sector have been slashed, meeting USAID targets and conditionalities one year ahead of schedule. In order to intensify and diversify agriculture and increase crop productivity, USAID is supporting technological changes through agricultural and natural resources management research. Also, farmer access to credit is a major constraint to rural development. USAID and other partners are therefore exploring how best to mobilize savings and credit through the formal financial sector as well as through creditЉunion type entities. РР Strategic Objective 1:СИ И СDecrease Family Size РР Strategic Objective 2:ТИ И И ТIncrease Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources СxxAС Management in Zones of Reliable Rainfall РР Strategic Objective 3:СИ И СIncrease Liberalization of Markets for Natural ResourceЉBased Products У УAgency Goal: Protecting the EnvironmentФ Ф Rapid population growth and a deteriorating natural resource base are major constraints to increases in food production. In Senegal, new land brought under production has been increasingly offset by land lost to erosion, declining soil fertility and reduced rainfall. To reverse this trend and stimulate economic growth, USAID is helping increase production through the introduction of improved agriculture and natural resources management (AG/NRM) technologies. USAID also supports better land management practices, marketing channels and policy dialogue with the government. Because the adoption and impact of AG/NRM technologies is a longЉterm proposition, USAID's strategy has been to develop rural cooperatives and private enterprises, including management and numeracy training in order to stimulate rural incomes. USAID has made good progress in influencing farmers to adopt NRM technologies. For example, USAID has helped to establish 57 new cooperatives/enterprises (many of which are women owned and operated). USAID has also financed dike construction in 22 valleys, increasing rice production in an area totalling over 25,000 acres. On the policy dialogue side, USAID has supported the Government's enactment of a new Forestry Code which allows farmers to plant and harvest trees on public lands. The GOS has also established a national council for environment and natural resource management. The council is finalizing Senegal's National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) which will ensure that environmental concerns are addressed in all social and economic development policies. РР Strategic Objective 2:ТИ И И ТIncrease Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources Management in Zones of Reliable Rainfall РР Strategic Objective 3:СИ И СIncrease Liberalization of Markets for Natural ResourceЉBased Products У УAgency Goal: Building DemocracyФ Ф In addition to the objectives discussed above, USAID/Senegal has anchored democracy and governance activities in each of its strategic objectives. Programs are structured to encourage empowerment of farmers, Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) and NonЉGovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in decentralizing natural resources management, health and family planning activities. USAID assistance to help improve democratization and governance also relies on training and seminars, including a regional francophone seminar on good governance in Dakar in March 1996. Improved governance and increased accountability will also be achieved through USAID's efforts to support structural reforms, transparency and privatization. ŒMost of FY 1997 resources allocated under this specific objective will be for training, observational tours, mediumЉterm technical assistance, and regional conferences. Many of these activities are targeted at key Senegalese policy makers, whose improved decisionЉmaking capabilities and effectiveness will enhance the country's governance. РР Strategic Objective 2:ТИ И И ТIncrease Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources Management in Zones of Reliable Rainfall б#М“xа№P7ћМP#б б#єixа№P7ћєP#б Ср•ь#СACTIVITY DATA SHEETƒ У У PROGRAM:Ф Ф SENEGAL У УTITLE AND NUMBER:Ф Ф Decrease Family Size, 685ЉS001 У УSTATUSФ Ф: Continuing У УPROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCEФ Ф: FY 1997: $8,701,700 DFA У УINITIAL OBLIGATIONФ Ф: FY 1996; У УESTIMATED COMPLETION DATEФ Ф: FY 1999 УУPurposeФФ: To decrease family size and to strengthen the capacity of Senegalese institutions to improve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk reduction behaviors in selected groups in geographic regions of Senegal. УУ BackgroundФФ: Senegal currently has a population growth rate of 2.7% per annum, characterized by both high infant and child mortality rates. At such rates, the population (8.3 million in 1995) will double by the year 2021. Senegal's rapid population growth has severe implications on individual and family welfare, and for Government of Senegal (GOS) development objectives. The Senegal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) carried out with USAID funding in 1992/1993, showed the following statistics: a high underЉfive mortality rate, estimated at 131/1,000 live births; a high maternal mortality rate, estimated at 510/100,000 live births; a high total fertililty rate, estimated at 6.0 average births per woman; and a low contraceptive prevalence, explained in part by high infant and child mortality rates which compel couples to maintain high birth rates to ensure the survival of a few healthy children. In addition, annual increases of HIV positive cases of 2.7% and of actual AIDS cases of 6.8% reflect an alarming potential epidemic even though the national rate of HIV prevalence remains at about 1%. USAID has successfully contributed to reductions in infant, child and maternal mortality, stabilization of HIV/AIDS/sexually transmitted disease infections, reduction in the total fertility rate. УУUSAID Role and Achievements to DateФФ: As a result of USAID's support, Senegal's total fertility rate declined from 6.6 to 5.9 in the 1986Љ1995 period, significantly ahead of schedule (attainment of the 6.0 level had originally been targeted for 1997). USAID now has identified a 1997 performance target rate of 5.7 births per woman. The contraceptive prevalence rate nationwide rose from 4.8 in 1992 to about 5.6 in 1995. Over the period 1986 Љ 1993, the fertility rate decreased by 9%. Change is largely attributable to USAID, the leading donor in the population and family planning (FP) sector. USAID assistance emphasizes service delivery in the public and private sectors, including information, education, and communication services to institutionalize broad public commitment to voluntary FP programs. The 1993 DHS indicates that Senegalese women from all strata want to control their fertility: 66% of women and 44% of men approve of family planning. USAID's child survival activities have helped decrease both infant (0Љ1 years of age) and child (under five years of age) mortality respectively from 86/1,000 to 68/1,000 and from 191/1,000 to 131/1,000. USAID has been instrumental in assisting the GOS to implement its AIDS prevention program and in providing support to targeted regions. USAID supported two separate Islamic and Christian conferences on AIDS prevention (critical steps in gaining the allЉimportant support of religious leaderships). Senegal boasts the most advanced AIDS laboratory in West Africa; researchers from this lab, in collaboration with researchers from Harvard University, discovered the HIV II strain. Prevention activities are showing some success in Senegal's four major urban areas, where prevalence rates, the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use are monitored regularly. УУ DescriptionФФ: The Senegal Child Survival/Family Planning (SCS/FP) Program began in 1992 and will be completed in 1999. USAID is refining specific results packages to achieve the program purpose. Due to the rapid decline in the total fertility rate, USAID has modified its performance targets, which now include changes in the percentage of targeted total fertility rate, couple years of contraceptive protection, and number of sites providing family planning. USAID continues to support efforts to prevent unintended pregnancies by increasing access to family planning services and reducing deaths from preventable diseases of children under five. To combat Senegal's high maternal mortality rate, USAID emphasizes reproductive health and safe motherhood in services delivered, including screening and evaluation of high-risk pregnancies, nutrition surveillance for pregnant women, STD screening and treatment and early and effective prenatal consultations. USAID began to implement the Senegal AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) project in 1994. AIDSCAP supports interventions by mass media promoting avoidance of highЉrisk sexual behavior and the use of condoms. Target groups consist of high risk men and women, including university students, commercial sex workers and truck drivers. УУHost Country and Other DonorsФФ: USAID, the sixth largest donor in Senegal, and other bilateral and multilateral donors (including the United Nations Population Fund and the World Bank) have created three donor groups for better collaboration in child survival, HIV/AIDS and population/family planning. The GOS contributes to the achievement of this objective by providing human and material resources. УУBeneficiariesФФ: Children under five and women of reproductive age represent 40% of Senegal's population. USAIDЉsupported programs reach about 35% of these beneficiaries. The contraceptive prevalence rate of 4.8% represents essential family planning services being provided to 91,978 Senegalese women. The combined unmet need of women who wish to delay childbirth for at least two years (19%) and those who want no more children (9%) means that 534,620 women have expressed a demand for services in 1995. 1,500,000 sexually active persons at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in urban and periЉurban areas will targeted by the project as direct beneficiaries. 1,675,000 children under 5 years are the primary beneficiaries of USAID child survival interventions. УУPrincipal Contractors, Grantees or AgenciesФФ: USAID is implementing family planning and AIDS activities through private organizations including Management Sciences for Health, Population Services International, John Snow Incorporated and the Futures Group and through U.S. and Senegalese nonЉgovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Africare and ASBEF. УУMajor Results IndicatorsФФв ШX0УУФФШX0УУФФ вжџџб#єx Œ @ЩЧ;X@#бааааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааб#єixа№P7ћєP#б УУФФТТSources: 1992/1993 Demographic Health Survey (DHS), Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) studies, National Census, Sentinel Surveillance data, and Project records. ж: СССhh#С УУBaselineФФ С-С Сpp2ССШШ7СС  <СУУTargetФФ National Total Fertility Rate (births per woman)СИ И ССС Сhh#С 6.6 (1986) С-ССpp2С СШШ7СС  <С5.7 (1997) Urban Contraceptive Prevalence Rates (% of women in union) СССhh#С 6.7 (1986)С-С Сpp2ССШШ7СС  <С18.0 (1997) Percentage of Married Women 15Љ49 yrs. Having KnowledgeŒof Modern Contraceptive MethodsС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#С One Method: 58.1 (1986) СШШ7СС  <СOne Method: 90 (1997) ССС` ` ССИ И ССС Сhh#С Three Methods: 23.4 (1986)СШШ7СThree Methods: 60 (1997) Percentage of Men over 20 yrs old Having Knowledge of Modern Contraceptive MethodsСС One Method: 68.0 (1986)Сpp2СOne Method: 90 (1997) ССС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#С Three Methods: 43.0 (1986)СШШ7СThree Methods: 60 (1997) Percentage of HIV Prevalence in the General PopulationСИ И ССС 1.0 (1994)СРР(СС-ССpp2ССШШ7С1.0 (1996) Percentage of the population who can identify appropriate means of protection from HIV Infection:С` ` ССИ И ССС Сhh#С 68 (1993)С-ССpp2ССШШ7СС  <С 90 (1997) Ср•ь#СACTIVITY DATA SHEETƒ У УPROGRAM:Ф Ф SENEGAL У УTITLE AND NUMBER:Ф Ф Increase Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources Management (NRM) in Zones of Reliable Rainfall, 685ЉS002 У УSTATUSФ Ф: Continuing У УPROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCEФ Ф: FY 1997: $10,956,030 DFA У УINITIAL OBLIGATIONФ Ф: FY 1996; У УESTIMATED COMPLETION DATEФ Ф: FY 2001 УУPurposeФФ: To increase crop productivity through improved natural resources management (NRM) in zones of reliable rainfall. УУBackgroundФФ: Natural resource degradation is increasing in Senegal as population increases and productive farm acreage diminishes. Over the years, Senegal's crop production acreage has remained relatively unchanged as new lands brought into production have been offset by land lost to declining rainfall, erosion and declining soil fertility. While increased yields have occurred due to improved seed, animal traction or introduction of NRM technologies, these increases have not been sufficient to offset the decline in the physical quality of the soils. The Government of Senegal (GOS) has taken steps to eliminate most farm subsidies, decentralize land management, and promote more productive land use. USAID's strategy focuses on the southern half of the country where rainfall is 400 mm/year or more. One significant constraint to increasing productivity is the farmers' lack of access to credit and the absence of a viable rural financial system. However, the most critical constraint is adequate, well distributed rainfall. УУUSAID Role and Achievements to DateФФ: USAID's strategy is longЉterm, designed to raise incomes of poor farmers who have limited access to modern, purchased inputs. Analysis shows that even modest success will be very costЉeffective. However, the payback period for many of these NRM interventions is longer, thus, the impact of adopting NRM technologies will not be immediately measurable. One example of a successful (though longer term payback) is USAID's dune stabilization efforts in the early 1980s in the "Niayes," a 200 kilometer strip of land from Dakar north to Saint Louis. The Niayes is a fertile area for vegetable production which had been seriously threatened by encroaching dunes. However as a result of USAID's (and other donors') tree planting activities to stabilize these dunes, the Niayes are well protected today. Farmers living in the area have greatly increased vegetable production and marketing and are now among the most prosperous in Senegal. Because of the longЉterm gestation of most agriculture/natural resources management (AG/NRM) technologies, USAID's strategy has been to couple development of AG/NRMЉbased enterprises with management and numeracy training in order to stimulate incomes. Some key achievements to date include: 57 AG/NRMЉbased enterprises with over 75% women membership have been established and are engaged in NRM interventions; farmer training has been conducted in literacy/numeracy, basic management and business techniques; 24 antiЉsalt dikes and 30 water retention dikes have been constructed in 22 valleys covering a total of 25,000 acres (over 10,000 hectares); 176 village water management committees have been established; 88 village demonstration plots have been put in place; 560 compost pits have been dug throughout the southern region; 2,436 women leaders have been trained in management of water structures and an additional 3,078 women have completed villageЉlevel training in NRM planning and development; five rural communities out of the 50 targeted nationЉwide have been selected to participate in a program for sustainable planning, use and conservation of natural resources. УУDescriptionФФ: USAID efforts are in four primary areas: (1) extension of improved AG/NRM practices; (2) rural empowerment and institutional strengthening to improve land use planning and management; (3) applied research at the farm level on improved AG/NRM practices in key grain cropping systems; and (4) GOS policy dialogue. Other activities include fostering AG/NRMЉbased enterprises to stimulate income generation and working with PVOs to improve their capacity to plan and execute their own NRM activities. Funding is principally for technical assistance, commodities, AG/NRM technology development and extension, water management structures, farmer training, GOS and nonЉgovernmental organization institutional strengthening, and policy dialogue. УУHost Country and Other DonorsФФ: The GOS has demonstrated a serious commitment to privatization and other policy reform initiatives. Senegalese government contributions are mainly inЉkind, consisting of salaries of civil servants. Services, infrastructure and equipment are also provided by public institutions. Additional financial and human resources are provided through nongovernmental organizations and village (farmer) associations. USAID is the lead donor in the AG/NRM sector. Other key donors include the Netherlands, Canada, the World Bank, the European Union, the United Nations Development Program, Food and Agriculture Organization, Germany, France, and Italy. The U.S. represents the donor community on an interЉministerial ENV/NRM steering committee. Donors also coordinate through an informal donor ENV/NRM working group for exchange of ideas and information. УУBeneficiariesФФ: About 70% of the 8.3 million population are farmers, who are the primary beneficiaries of this activity (50 Љ 70% of these farmers are women). Ultimate beneficiaries also include private sector entrepreneurs, NGOs and consumers. УУPrincipal Contractors, Grantees, or AgenciesФФ: USAID implements activities through two U.S. university consortia, the SouthЉEast Consortium for International Development (SECID) and the Consortium for International Development (CID), a U.S. forЉprofit firm, Development Alternatives, Inc., a USG agency (the U.S. Geological Survey), U.S. NGOs (Africare and Winrock) and several local NGO and farmer organizations. УУMajor Results IndicatorsггФФ:1 ССС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(СУУBaselineФФСpp2ССШШ7С УУTargetФФ Increase in Crop Yields (kilograms/hectare) for:СИ И ССССhh#С(1989Љ91)С-ССpp2С (1997) Millet ССС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С786С-ССpp2ССШШ7С880 Sorghum С` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С850С-ССpp2ССШШ7С940 RiceССС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С1,254 С-ССpp2ССШШ7С1,505 Peanuts (for oil) С` ` ССИ И ССССhh#С959СРР(СС-ССpp2С 1,150 Peanuts (edible)С` ` ССИ И ССССhh#С1,006СРР(СС-ССpp2С 1,205 CornССС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С1,202С-ССpp2ССШШ7С 1,195 Percent of households (compounds) using NRM technologies: СССhh#ССРР(С(1992)С-ССpp2ССШШ7С(1997) WindbreaksС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С4.5С-ССpp2ССШШ7С8 Live FenceС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С2.7С-ССpp2ССШШ7С5 Field TreesС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С2.4 С-ССpp2ССШШ7С30 Fallow LandС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С15.3С-ССpp2ССШШ7С5 Manure С` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(С51.7 С-ССpp2С20 _________________________ 1 Sources: 1992/1993 Demographic Health Survey (DHS), Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) studies, National Census, Sentinel Surveillance data, and Project records. Ср•ь#СACTIVITY DATA SHEETƒ У УPROGRAM:Ф Ф SENEGAL У УTITLE AND NUMBER:Ф Ф Increase Liberalization of Markets for Natural ResourceЉBased Products, 685ЉS003 У УSTATUSФ Ф: Continuing У УPROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCEФ Ф: FY 1997: $7,766,802 DFA У УINITIAL OBLIGATIONФ Ф: FY 1996; У УESTIMATED COMPLETION DATEФ Ф: FY 1999 УУPurposeФФ: To increase the incomes of farmers currently producing paddy rice for the internal Senegalese market through the liberalization of rice marketing and processing. ŒУУBackgroundФФ: Over the past two years, an extended multiЉdonor/Government of Senegal (GOS) dialogue has been underway to reform Senegal's agricultural sector. The effort has focused on a comprehensive Agriculture Sector Adjustment Strategy (French acronym "PASA"). Donors, led by the World Bank, include France, the European Union (EU), Germany and USAID. The reforms outlined in the PASA address constraints for four strategic commodities: rice, groundnuts, cotton and sugar. Competition and private sector trade and investment are being encouraged through the elimination of price controls on processing and marketing. Discussions to date have successfully produced an agreement on many GOS policy reform measures. The USAID Senegal Rice Structural Adjustment (RSA) program is a direct outgrowth of the multilateral PASA dialogue and represents a bilateral policy reform program tightly focussed on the rice subЉsector. USAID considers this subЉsector to be particularly important to increasing farmer incomes through more efficient use of limited resources. This program contributes to the goal of sustainable broadЉbased economic growth by reducing unnecessary government involvement in the rice and groundnut subЉsectors. УУUSAID Role and Achievements to DateФФ: USAID's strategy under this objective is to increase private sector incomes through the liberalization of agricultural markets. USAID's program supports GOS efforts to implement two fundamental changes: (1) to replace administratively determined prices with a price system that better reflects real economic costs, and (2) to replace inefficient parastatal enterprises with efficient, competitive private enterprises. Urged by USAID, the GOS has accelerated necessary reform measures and has taken a number of steps to speed implementation of remaining reforms in the groundnut and rice subЉsectors in Senegal. Most recent reform measures adopted include: (1) the elimination of GOSЉdetermined retail profit margins for rice; (2) the disengagement of the GOS from subsidizing rice transportation costs; (3) the GOS decree allowing the private sector to import all types of rice; and (4) the liquidation of the parastatal rice marketing board, and (5) final legislative measures to privatize the giant groundnut processing parastatal. УУDescriptionФФ: USAID's program helps the GOS bear the costs of the subsectoral adjustments and undertake the budgetary, institutional and managerial modifications necessary to achieve specific quantitative and qualitative impacts associated with the implementation of a comprehensive liberalization of the rice market in Senegal. During the life of the program the GOS will: (1) eliminate fixed wholesale and retail rice prices throughout Senegal; (2) transfer the task of internal distribution of imported rice to the private sector; (3) liberalize the imports of rice; (4) eliminate its intervention in the processing and marketing of locally produced rice; (5) eliminate the administered farm paddy price for rice which will henceforth be determined by market forces; and (6) restructure the subЉsector's two key parastatal institutions of production and marketing. УУHost Country and Other DonorsФФ: The World Bank, France, the European Union, Germany and Italy have ongoing programs focusing on improving overall agricultural policy, infrastructure and credit conditions for rice producers. The USAID program (ranked sixth behind these other multilateral and bilateral donors) complements г  гthese activities. USAID ensures continued close coordination with the GOS and other donors, especially the World Bank, which has taken the lead on policy reform. УУ BeneficiariesФФ: Beneficiaries will be farmers, consumers, and private enterprises engaged in processing and marketing rice. Private traders will benefit through the liberalization and privatization of the market. The GOS will also benefit through savings on subsidy payments. УУPrincipal Contractors, Grantees, or AgenciesФФ: USAID implements activities in support of this program through a contract with the U.S. forЉprofit firm, Abt Associates. УУMajor Results IndicatorsФФ: ССС` ` ССИ И ССССhh#ССРР(СУУBaselineФФСpp2ССШШ7С УУTargetФФ Reduction (shown in %) of MarketingСhh#ССРР(СС-С Сpp2С Costs to Their Competitive LevelsСС Сhh#С17Љ26 (1986)С-ССpp2С10Љ15 (1997) Percentage of Agricultural Product Marketed through the Private Sector Сhh#ССРР(С46 (1986)Сpp2ССШШ7С95 (1997) Number of Major (at least 10 clients) Wholesale Cereal Traders СС-Dakar С` ` ССИ И ССССhh#С279 (1986)С-ССpp2С300 (1997) СС-Outside DakarСИ И ССССhh#С185 (1986) С-ССpp2С200 (1997)Œееа Ш а ааУ УSENEGAL FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY Ф Фаав | Аddx РРРРРZ Аddx РРРРРZ | вм*иŽ иŽ *мммб#OЯОІ Pь7ћP#бмм EncouragingBroadЉbased Economic Growthмм Stabilizing Population Growth and Protecting Human Health мм Protecting the Environmentмм Building Democracyмм Providing Humanitarian Assistance мм У УTOTALSФ Фм*дŽ дŽ *мммUSAID Strategic Objectivesммммммммммммм*zŽ zŽ *ммм1. Decrease Family Size Љ Dev. Fund for Africaмм 149,000мм 8,552,700мм мм мм мм 8,701,700 м*Ž Ž *ммм2. Increase Crop Productivity Through Improved Natural Resources Management in Zones of Reliable Rainfall Љ Dev. Fund for Africa мм 211,516мм 20,068мм 10,337,182 мм 386,984мм мм 10,956,030м*ЦŽ ЦŽ *ммм3.Increase Liberalization of Markets for Natural ResoucreЉBased Products Љ Dev. Fund for Africaмм 7,513,282 мм мм 250,000мм 3,520мм мм 7,766,802м*ЊŽ      ЊŽ      *мммУ УTotalsФ Ф Љ Dev. Fund for Africaмм 7,873,798 мм 8,572,768 мм 10,587,182 мм 390,784 мм мм 27,424,532 мм б#єixа№P7ћєP#бС`Ќ(#2СUSAID Mission Director: Anne M. WilliamsУ Уƒ Ф Ф