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}K- 3'3'Standard3'3'StandardHPLAS0.PRS 4Xw p Figure 1  Figure 1 #hxP7P# ETHIOPIA Đx  }K- FY 1997 Development Fund for Africa:p(#9$ 46,324,167 ă  }KX- FY 1997 P.L. 480 Title II:p(#9$ 31,558,000 FY 1997 P.L. 480 Title III:p(#9$ 26,700,000  }K-  }K- Introduction.  -=Due to devastating famine and civil war, Ethiopia has been a symbol of despair for decades. After five  -years of peace and effective governance, the building blocks for a better future are in place and despair  -has turned to hope. With 54 million people and located in the center of the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia  -\has been a steady force and ally of the United States in dealing with regional and continental issues.  - It has played a critical role in seeking regional peace and stability and under the leadership of one of  -the brightest young leaders in Africa, is the current head and site of the Organization of African Unity and home of the United Nations Economic Commission on Africa.  -With an estimated annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of $120, Ethiopia remains one of  -the poorest countries in the world, but is moving with commitment and measurable success on a path  -[of solid and sustainable development. Ethiopia has moved through the early phases of economic reform  -and structural adjustment over the past four years by working out a development path consistent with  -Mthe World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) principles, but firmly under its own control.  -The government remains committed to ensuring that the 85% of the population, who still labor on  -farms in rural areas, benefit strongly from economic and social developments. The Federal Democratic  -Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was established in September 1995. Under a newly approved constitution  -kand national parliamentary elections, the FDRE has maintained the policy directions of the Transitional  -zGovernment of Ethiopia (TGE) while getting on with the tasks of establishing a parliament, functioning  -court system, and broadly decentralized government system. In a historically troubled region, it is a  -bulwark against the increasing problems of violent Islamic fundamentalism in Sudan and Somalia. If  -Ethiopia can successfully make this transition, it can become a model of relative peace and stability.  -U.S. relations with Ethiopia are generally good, with strong mutual interests on regional and third world  -kissues. The U.S. Government remains constructively critical of some aspects of political constraints  -\and the human rights situation. Ethiopia is important to the success of the President's Initiative on the  -Greater Horn of Africa (GHAI) because of its size, location and potential. Thus far, Ethiopia has been  -a key player in trying to use this Initiative to improve the ability of the countries in the region to prevent  -=conflicts and improve overall food security and hence, avoid the crises of drought and war which have  }K- -zplagued the Horn. The FDRE has been helpful to U.S. and United Nations (UN) policy objectives in the  -region, including contribution of troops to the UN force in Rwanda in 1995 and mediation efforts  -between Yemen and Eritrea. The United States enjoys a growing trade surplus with Ethiopia. As the  -second most populous country in Africa, Ethiopia could become an increasingly important African market for U.S. goods.  }K!- The Development Challenge.  }K(#- - To transform Ethiopia requires overcoming its widespread poverty, the historical lack of democratic  -traditions, weak or nonexistent infrastructure, and extremely poor social services. Over the past 20  -[years, feudal imperialism, followed by a generation of authoritarian Marxism and recurrent famines have  -kcontributed to the deterioration of the quality of life in Ethiopia. Social indicators are among the worst  -Min the world and, in many instances, are worse now than they were 20 years ago. Infrastructure is  -pitifully lacking, with transport, communications, and energy systems being one of the least developed  -\in Africa. Over half of Ethiopia's population lives in abject poverty. In urban areas, threequarters of  -kthe population lives below the poverty line and a third make up the "poorest of the poor." Against the  -@World Health Organization's recommended daily minimum intake of 2300, the domestic calorie"h)0*0*0*z+"  -available to Ethiopians is 15001600 calories per person per day. This has caused severe malnutrition  -Lwith approximately 60% of all children under five chronically undernourished. More than twice as many  -children die in Ethiopia each year than in any other country in the world [est. 550,000 v. 200,000 in Mozambique]. Primary school enrollments of girls in Ethiopia is one of the lowest in the world.  -The United States and the FDRE's other donor partners have an opportunity for the first time in a  -generation to seriously help rebuild Ethiopia and address the root causes of its problems. This has  ->eliminated the need to use millions of dollars to feed starving children and, instead, help their parents  -move toward feeding themselves. However, the development process will take time, and as a result,  - does not make Ethiopia a candidate for graduation from donor or U.S. assistance in the near future.  - In 1995, a combination of ample and well timed rains, increased modern agricultural inputs, and hard  -work by millions of farmers in response to better market prices have helped produce a record harvest.  -NUSAID assistance in liberalizing input and output markets and supply systems helped to bring this  - about, and can play an important part in the more difficult challenge of building on one good year to  -achieve sustainable food security in the medium term. USAID has been a leader among donors in  -providing support to the difficult process of building a strong institutional structure for a democratic  -system. USAID assistance has also helped the new democratic system operate under the rule of law,  -helping to support elections, the preparation and consideration of the constitution, and now the  -=strengthening of the judicial and parliamentary systems. Major assistance is also being provided to help  -restructure and rebuild basic health and education systems in a country that slid to the bottom in all  -basic measures of human welfare and social services. Complementing this assistance to build a new  -Nfuture, USAID also works closely with the FDRE to build up the abilities of the massive vulnerable  -populations in the country in resisting drought and food shortages, as well as respond efficiently to the short term food shortages.  }K- Other Donors.  -{USAID and the donor community provided a total of $1.1 billion dollars in FY 1994 for development  -activities. During the transition period between 19911994, building on the recovery assistance  -coordinated by the World Bank, the donor community has worked closely together in coordination with  -the government. The year 1995 saw the establishment of the new democratic government ending  ->Ethiopia's formal political transition, and a new beginning point in its efforts to rebuild and restructure  -.its economy and social services. Both the FDRE and donors have agreed that the formation of the new  -government provides a new opportunity to regroup and work out new consultative and operational  -coordination mechanisms among donors and the government. The large donor community in Addis  -Ababa, many of whom also have regional responsibilities, also facilitate the local consideration and coordination of regional activities such as the GHAI.  ->In 1994, the United States was among the largest bilateral donors providing about 11.3% of all donor  -assistance to Ethiopia. The World Bank, the African Development Bank, the European Community,  -Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Italy, France, Sweden, Canada and the International Monetary Fund are other donors providing assistance to Ethiopia.  }K`"-  }K(#- FY 1997 Program.  }K$- - USAID's assistance strategy in Ethiopia focuses on helping to strengthen food security, rebuilding  -critical social services in education and health, creating a more democratic and responsive political  -system, and being prepared to respond efficiently to humanitarian crises until their root causes can be  -overcome. These priorities are shared by the government. USAID's close work with the government  ->in assistance programs in primary health and primary education began to function for the first time in  -1995. Results in these sectors have already begun to emerge. USAID's assistance in democracy and  -governance has advanced along with the transition process. With the formation of the permanent"h)0*0*0*z+"  -elected government, USAID's assistance in democracy and governance has moved away from elections  -and constitutional support to working with the newly elected National Parliament and strengthening local governments and judicial structures at both national and local levels.  -Since 1991, USAID's overall assistance to Ethiopia has declined as a result of decreased food aid  -requirements due to relatively good weather and increased agricultural production. Program tightening  -has continued over the past years in Title III levels and development assistance. While we do not  -/welcome the scarcity of USAID resources, improved conditions in food security, transportation, and  -ythe general Ethiopian operating environment will reduce the costs and obstacles to providing assistance.  -] It would be a cruel paradox if our assistance levels fall short in critical areas such as agriculture production at this time of relative opportunity.  }K` - Agency Goal: Encouraging Broadbased Economic Growth  -In spite of the image popularized by two major famines in the last 20 years, Ethiopia is a country which  -is capable of feeding itself and producing a surplus of food. One of USAID's strategic objectives is to  -help the country realize this potential. The record harvest in 1995 has demonstrated that small farm  -holder production, backed by reliable supplies of agricultural inputs, credit, and relatively open market -driven incentives can grow enough food to feed the people of Ethiopia. While economic growth in the  -short and mediumterm equates heavily with agriculture, in the longer term, it must be built on  -diversification and a solid base of physical and human infrastructure. USAID is focusing its assistance  -on helping to rebuild the devastated basic education system which is critical to the growth of an educated workforce and citizenry.  -USAID and the FDRE have chosen to focus assistance in food security, thereby increasing the  -production of the most heavily produced and consumed grains upon which the diet, well being, and  -stability of the country depend. USAID assistance has focused on encouraging liberalized agricultural  -input and output marketing. Higher levels of fertilizer and improved seed usage resulted from stronger  -public and private sector efforts to competitively distribute these inputs. Continuing USAID assistance  -will focus on helping Ethiopia achieve sustainable economic development and get to a level of food  }Kp-security that will reduce the need for outside emergency assistance.   }K8-  -Over the past generation in Ethiopia, the deterioration of the education system has led to extremely low  -enrollments in schools as well as a poor quality and inapplicable education. Beginning in 1994, USAID  -[launched an ambitious effort with the FDRE to restructure and revitalize primary education. Discussions  -and shared analyses of USAID's new basic education support activity over the past three years have  -\begun to have a positive impact. This activity supports complementary topdown actions to correct  -=and improve policies while supporting largescale local and regional pilot activities to strengthen teacher  -ktraining, school administration, staffing and operation. Education quality has received strong attention  -from our government partners and the Ministry of Education has begun setting minimum primary  -schooling standards to monitor the progress on quality and equity. A new promotion and salary  -!structure has been put in place which rewards good performance, and not just seniority. Policy  -changes and incentives have led to more women being admitted into primary teacher training institutes  -\with a better chance of finishing the institute with quality training. The government has lived up to its  -commitments and has increased both the share of the budget for education and the relative allocation  -of funding for primary education. For the first time in 20 years, legal changes have led to the opening of private primary schools. , Strategic Objective 1: Increased Availability of Selected Domestically Produced Food Grain Crops  }KH&-  }K'-, Strategic Objective 3: Quality and Equity of Primary Education Improved in an Expanded System Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health.  }Kh)- "h)0*0*0*z+"Ԍ -Ethiopia's gains in economic growth are seriously eroded by its rapidly increasing population. At a  -national population growth rate of over 3%, Ethiopia's population could exceed 145 million by the year  -2025, seriously magnifying the challenge of providing even basic social services. Today, the average  -[Ethiopian woman has seven children. Due to a profound lack of access to primary and preventive care, 23% do not survive past the age of five.  }K-  -Fewer than 20% of Ethiopians have access to modern health care services. The health status of  -Ethiopians is among the worst in the world. Totally overwhelmed public sector health facilities are  -inadequate to provide for even rudimentary needs. By the year 2000, it is estimated that 1.4 million  -!Ethiopians could be infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). USAID's assistance  -]focuses on encouraging the implementation of critical and central level policy changes as well as  -provide handson assistance in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) education and prevention  -programs. In addition, by strengthening rural primary health programs in selected regions of the  ->country, child survival and fundamental health problems will be addressed directly. The government  -has continued to increase the relative allocation of national budget to health (from 5.8% to 6.2% of  -]the national budget), while improving internal allocations in favor of rural and preventive care and  }K -introducing mechanisms for cost recovery within the health care system.  -In addition, a strong and wellthoughtout National Population Policy provides the framework for USAID  -support to population planning, education, and control programs. U.S. technical assistance is provided  -to the national population policy unit. USAID assistance is provided to improve the availability of  -reproductive health care and contraceptives through public, private and nongovernment organization  -(NGO) channels. A consortium of local NGOs, facilitated by Pathfinders International, has come  -together to help women and children, reaching over 10,000 women in 1995 with reproductive health  -assistance. Primary health care facilities are also being strengthened to increase the access of rural populations to basic care and the means to improve their reproductive health and planning.  }K-, Strategic Objective 2: Increased Use of Primary and Preventive Health Care Services   }K-Agency Goal: Building Democracy  }Kp-  }K8- - Ethiopia's prospects for stability and sustainable development depend heavily upon the country's ability  -to move away from its historically authoritarian mode of governance and centralized system. This  -transition process has made great strides since 1991, but it remains ambitious and risky. Since 1992,  -|the policy of the United States has been to accelerate, facilitate, and guide the development of  -institutions and processes which underpin democratic societies and a decentralized form of government.  ->In 1995, USAID assistance to the final round of elections, which were conducted in a manner which  -suggests an increasingly effective electoral administration, helped bring about the new constitutionally  -established legislature and elected executive leadership positions, at both federal and regional levels.  -There was an increasingly effective devolution of authority and budget to regional states, suggesting  -a strong commitment to the principles of fiscal federalism. New forms of support to regional  -.governments are under negotiation with the FDRE. USAID will increase support for an independent and  -responsible media. Training for the central and regional judiciary is being expanded. USAID will  -continue to support the new legislative leadership in thinking through a variety of structural,  -organizational and capacityrelated issues, emphasizing the need for accountability and transparency  -Min legislative decisionmaking, and the need for public access to the legislative process. Support will  -also go to strengthen civil society and to facilitate the consolidation of existing civic associations in order to have a sustained impact in this area. A network of civic NGOs has been successfully formed.  }K'-  }K'- , Strategic Objective 4: Increased Access to and Participation in a Democratic System  }K(-  }Kh)-Agency Goal: Humanitarian Assistance "h)0*0*0*z+"Ԍ -ԙA majority of the people of Ethiopia have been chronically undernourished with two major famines  -causing heavy loss of life in the past 20 years. Even when political relations have been poor, the U.S.  -Government has responded generously to prevent starvation. Since 1984, from the United States  -Malone, food aid to Ethiopia has amounted to well over one billion U.S. dollars. In recent years, a more  -{open and transparent government has allowed for the development of a system with much better  -responsiveness to drought and other crises through cooperative efforts by NGOs, international donors  -and the FDRE. As a result, hundreds of thousands of lives have been saved, and the widespread devastation and dislocation of 1974 and 1984 were averted.   -In 1995, during an average production year, U.S.supported indigenous and international NGOs  -continued to play an important role in meeting the survival needs of poor and vulnerable groups  -throughout Ethiopia. Ethiopian organizations also played an increasing role in this effort. Furthermore,  -1the government, in close collaboration with donor and NGO partners, made major progress in  -implementing its disaster prevention, mitigation, and early warning capabilities. USAID food aid helped  -restock and increase the capacity of the food security reserve, increasingly allowing Ethiopia to  -internally manage small and medium scale shortages. USAIDsupported NGO partners, working in food  -/deficit areas of the country, help households and communities to move beyond the edge of survival  - by achieving the resources and knowledge needed to produce food. This improves their welfare in  -favorable seasons and helps vulnerable groups withstand minor shortages without sliding further back into poverty and suffering.  }Kh-, Specific ~al Objective 1: Emergency Humanitarian Assistance Provided to Most Vulnerable Groups "00*0*0* "  X-#Xz_ p^7c1X#ETHIOPIA FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY  X-#x6X@8;"X@#у h ddx !ddx8HZ h    &&   `F+#O P7ZP#J  w HEncouraging  HBroadbased MEconomic  SGrowth[    `F4TStabilizing#O P7ZP#у TWorld Population <TGrowth & >TProtecting THuman THealth[   Protecting the Environment[   eBuilding Democracy[   S^Providing Humanitarian A^Assistance[    `FQ_ & TOTALS ă   &&   `F  USAID Strategic  `F Objectives /  /  /  /  /  /    [  &&  1. Increased Availability of Selected Domestically Produced Food Grain Crops Dev. Fund for Africa P.L. 480, Title III  `DD ] 12,083,690 [ 26,700,000    `dd= 5 3,150,285     `  =15,233,975 ;26,700,000   /  &&  2. Increased Use of Primary and Preventive Health Care Services Dev. Fund for Africa  `DD  `16,917,869     `"?16,917,869     &&  3. Quality and Equity of Primary Education Improved in an Expanded System Dev. Fund for Africa5  ] 12,083,6905 5 5 5 5  `""g e! =12,083,690     &&  4. Increased Access to and Participation in a Democratic System Dev. Fund for AfricaU  `DDU  U  U  `s2,088,633U  U  `"@2,088,633   5 &&  Specific Objective 1. Emergency Humanitarian Assistance Provided to Most Vulnerable Groups P.L. 480, Title II      ` n31,558,000  `""g =31,558,000 P  U &W&   `F Totals Dev. Fund for Africa PL 480, Title II P.L. 480, Title IIIkW  ] 24,167,380 D D<\ ` D[26,700,000kW  16,917,869kW  73,150,285kW  `s2,088,633kW  ^^ n31,558,000kW  =46,324,167 =31,558,000 g";26,700,000P  W  ~J -#;2PQP##J2PQTP# `(##J2PQTP#USAID Mission Director: Margaret P. Bonner "$0*0*0*$" IACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM: ETHIOPIA  JZ- TITLE & NUMBER: Increased Availability of Selected Domestically Produced Food Grain Crops, 663S001  J$- STATUS: Continuing  J- - PROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $15,233,975 DFA, $26,700,000 P.L. 480, Title III  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: 2003  ~JJ-  ~J- -yPurpose: Increase the availability of selected domestically produced food grain crops in Ethiopia through  -support to private and public sector and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) who promote sustainable small farmer production.  ~J2 - -Background: Ethiopia can't yet feed itself. Amidst the war and famine in the past, the people of the United  -States have helped to keep Ethiopians alive with massive, costly shipments of food aid. In the last five  -.years, peace and a new government have worked with USAID to begin to move Ethiopia from receiving  -.relief to obtaining food security one of the two main objectives of the Greater Horn of Africa Initiative  -z(GHAI). The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) is now helping small farmers to produce more food.  ~J- -USAID Role and Achievements to Date: With the support and encouragement of a multidonor consortium,  -including USAID, Ethiopia has made considerable progress in the liberalization of the agricultural economy  -Lsince 1991. USAID promoted policies which helped develop a targeted food safetynet program to meet  -the needs of Ethiopia's vulnerable population, promoted a greater role for the private sector in agricultural  -Ztrade, and increased productivity. Food commodities supported productive enterprises, supplemented relief  -kefforts in poor years, and helped build up strategic grain reserves. By 1994, the market share of the  --parastatal grain trading agency has dropped from 40% to 3.6%. State monopolies on distribution and sales  ->of basic commodities have been eliminated. By 1995, regional grain price differentials have dropped  -significantly due to greater private sector involvement and transport and market deregulation. USAID's  -yeffort to improve and strengthen Ethiopian grain markets means that farmers have received better prices  -.for their products, market margins have declined, creating more stable prices for the consumer, and the number of traders competing in the markets has increased.  -In addition, transport controls have been lifted. As a result, the private sector has been able to participate,  -and transport costs have become more competitive. Substantial progress has also been made on fertilizer  -liberalization. The FDRE has steadily increased fertilizer imports over the past four years, and in 1995, for  -Zthe first time, financed fertilizer imports from its own funds. Private firms have obtained access to fertilizer  --distribution and retailing. The resulting increases in domestic production led to reductions in donorsupplied  -food aid imports. For every additional bag of fertilizer used, farmers can get up to five bags of grain with  -associated rates of return of approximately 150%. Together with good rains, these inputs and private sector initiatives have produced the largest harvest in Ethiopia's recent history.  ~J - -Description: USAID supports key FDRE analytical activities, including a Ministry of Economic Development  -Zand Cooperation effort to understand and stabilize food price mechanisms in the emerging market economy.  -Together with the implementation of a food price information system, these steps will help small producers  -and merchants benefit from effective markets. USAID supports the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency to  -expand the coverage and timeliness of its annual Agricultural Survey. This will help provide policy makers  -and donors with more accurate data on what is occurring in Ethiopia's eight million small farms. USAID  -will also support a test of a new organizational structure for farmerowned cooperatives to improve their  -yability to provide farm input, banking, and output market services to their members. Lessons learned can be applied to the revived nationwide cooperative system.  -The agriculture production support activity now in preparation with the government, NGOs, private sector"(0*0*0**"  -groups, and farmers will more systematically confront foodproduction constraints in selected crops in  -selected regions of the country. Through addressing policy and farmlevel constraints, the new program  -aims to encourage farmers to increase production and productivity. The program will also support efforts  -to encourage increased participation of the private sector, while at the same time redefining the role of  -Lgovernment in the agriculture sector. This will include strengthening of agricultural and microenterprise  -\information collection and analysis capability. Support for the development of a rural banking system  -{related to production credit and financing for microenterprises will also be explored. The level of  -intervention, however, will need to be adjusted based on availability of USAID resources for food security activities, a sector with diminishing funds each year.  ~J- -Host Country and Other Donors: USAID support for this objective complements program interventions by  -Mthe European Union (EU), the World Bank, and other donors in agricultural production, transportation,  -infrastructure development, and related policy reforms. Private sector seed market development is  -underway by the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Increasing access to  -Kfertilizer through more competitive and efficient markets is closely coordinated with the World Bank and five  -yother major donors. Efforts to promote smallscale farm production complement current Swedish efforts to enhance grain production in the major growing areas and future World Bank efforts.  -<Proposed project activities complement and support a large government extension effort which is based on  ~J- -pilot approaches tested by Ethiopian and foreign NGOs, e.g., the Sasakawa Global 2000 Program. There  -are regular meetings of donors involved in fertilizer provision as well as a broader donor forum on  -.agriculture issues. Several major studies, which USAID has designed and financed over the past year,  -have received wide attention and established USAID's technical staff as a reliable and wellinformed source  -of information on the sector. The food security strategies of both the EU and USAID, which are under  -kdevelopment, have been shared, and possible joint activities, such as grain/cereal market information  -.systems development have been identified. A joint early warning newsletter being done by the EU and  -USAID helps keep the government, the donors, and the NGO community abreast of the latest information on food vulnerability in Ethiopia.  ~J- -yBeneficiaries: The beneficiary of the above investments will be Ethiopians who must purchase some or  -all of their food on the market. More immediate beneficiaries are the millions of small farmers and small  -agricultural businesses who will profit from the increase in demand for agricultural goods. In addition, as farm and nonfarm activities expand, rural landless laborers will find new employment.  ~J- -Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Agriculture,  -kNational Agricultural Statistics Service, Chemonics International, Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance, Michigan State University and Addis Ababa University.  ~J-Major Results Indicators:  ~Jx-` `  ,hhhBaselineTarget  ~J@-Real declines in food grain priceshh To be Determined xx   ~J -Maize` `  ,hhh1993 base 10 %  ~J -Wheat` `  ,hhh1993 base 7.5 % Increased average production per hectare  ~J`"-Maize` `  ,hhh1.1 MT/ha2.5 MT/ha  ~J(#-Wheat` `  ,hhh1.3 MT/ha1.8 MT/ha  ~J#-Sales of Fertilizer annuallyhhh161,000 MT500,000 MT Increased private sector involvement in fertilizer  ~J%-Import` `  ,hhh 0 %ppX 75 %  ~JH&-Wholesale` `  ,hhh 0 %ppX 100 %  ~J'-Retail` `  ,hhh 0 %ppX 100 % "'0*0*0*)" IACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J-  PROGRAM : ETHIOPIA  JZ- TITLE & NUMBER: Increased Use of Primary and Preventive Health Care Services, 663S002  J$- STATUS: Continuing  J- PROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCE: FY1997: $16,917,869, DFA  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003  ~J-   ~JJ- -KPurpose: To increase the use of primary and preventive health care services in order to improve the health  -jstatus of Ethiopians and reduce population growth. This will be done by promoting integrated rural child  -Msurvival and general health care services in a major region of Ethiopia; by expanding comprehensive  -.reproductive health service delivery through nongovernment organizations (NGOs) nationwide; and by  -instituting the private social marketing of condoms throughout Ethiopia. USAID's policy reform agenda  -focuses on increasing the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) budget resources dedicated to basic health, with an emphasis on child survival and integrated sustainable rural health service delivery.  ~J - -Background: The health status and access to health care of Ethiopians is among the poorest in the world,  -Zand far below the norm even by African standards. Fewer than 20% of Ethiopians have access to modern  -health care. At its current population growth rate of over 3%, Ethiopia's population will exceed 145 million  -by the year 2025. The average woman has more than seven children during her lifetime. Due to lack  -of access to primary and preventive health care, 23% of these children will not survive beyond the age of  -]five. By the year 2000, it is estimated that 1.4 million Ethiopians could be infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).  ~J- -=USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Only recently initiated, a number of significant accomplishments  -yhave been achieved. From 1994 to 1995, the budget for health increased from a 5.8% to 6.2% share of  -the total national budget. There have been significant shifts to primary service delivery which addresses  -/child survival. A national health care finance policy, developed with USAID assistance, soon will be  -approved by the Parliament. It will institute revised fees and fee retention strategies, thus promoting sustainability of health care services at the local level.  -NGOs have been in the forefront of USAID activities regarding reproductive and child health. Over 10,000  -<women have been reached through a consortium of local NGOs with reproductive health services over the  -past year. Through USAID support for contraceptive social marketing, it is anticipated that over 24 million  -condoms will be sold in 1996 to reduce HIV transmission, and over 20,000 women will have a broader  -.choice of services. USAIDsupported HIV/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) activities have expanded sexually transmitted disease (STD) treatment to over 15,000 clients in urban areas.  -Rural health service delivery efforts in the Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples' Region (SNNPR)  -will initially reach about 1.6 million children under five years and almost two million women. Over the next  -five years, up to a total of eight million children and women nationally will have access to basic care. If  -jimplemented successfully, by the end of the project, over 150,000 child deaths could be saved annually.  -A reproductive health survey was completed in the SNNPR, which utilized stateoftheart technologies  -developed in the United States. This study provides important information on causes of maternal and child  -=illness and death, and presents options for improving maternal and child health which are directly suited  -to the specific needs of those communities. USAID is working hard in the SNNPR to promote public and private sector cooperation to maximize health care delivery services.  ~J%- -Description: USAID assistance focuses on policy reforms to: (1) increase resources budgeted to  -Lpopulation, health, and nutrition activities, and expenditures on primary health care; (2) reorient services  -zmore toward prevention of infant and child mortality; (3) develop and implement a national health care  -Lfinancing strategy and implement cost recovery and local financing to promote a selfsustaining system;  -[(4) focus resources on community delivery, particularly for child survival initiatives; and (5) liberalize the"( 0*0*0**" provision of reproductive health care service delivery.  -Project assistance will be concentrated in the SNNPR and will include: (1) enhanced rural health care  -<service delivery to improve maternal and child health (including the reduction of communicable parasitic and  -infectious diseases); (2) developing and implementing a health care financing strategy and logistics  -management information system, which will move financial decision making closer to those providing care;  -L(3) strengthening the national AIDS control program; (4) supporting indigenous NGO outreach programs; and (5) expanding contraceptive social marketing.  ~J- -.Host Country and Other Donors: The FDRE has demonstrated its commitment to improving the health of  -Ethiopians by continuing to increase the share of the national budget allocated to health, with emphasis on  -rural and preventive, not just curative, services. The government has adopted basic policies and strategies  -to shape programs in health and family planning. In addition, a policy on women recognized the need to improve their role in society.  ~J - ->Beneficiaries: At the end of this activity, beneficiaries will include 50% of the 16 million people in the  -SNNPR, and an estimated 10 million urban residents nationally who will benefit from family planning and AIDS control activities.  ~J- -/Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Activities to achieve this strategic objective are being  -implemented by a wide range of international and local partners working in collaboration with the FDRE and  -local governments. These partners include Pathfinder, Family Health International, Population Services International, Partnership for Child Health, and the Family Planning Consortium of NGOs in Ethiopia.  ~J-Major Results Indicators:  ~J-` `  ,hhhBaselineb X-ԍ#J2PQP#To be determined. bppXTarget  ~JP-Health as a percent of national budgethh5.8 (TBD)ppX9.0 (2002)  ~J-Number of condoms distributed annually5.8 (TBD)ppX9.0 (2002)  ~J-Use of essential services in rural areashh18 m (TBD)ppX24 m (2002)  xx  H  ~J-of SNNPR ` `  ,hhh2040 % (TBD)ppX4060 % (2002)  ~J(#- #hxP7P# x "% y0*0*0*o'" IACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM: ETHIOPIA  JZ- TITLE & NUMBER: Quality and Equity of Primary Education Improved in an Expanded System, 663S003  J- STATUS: Continuing  J- PROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCE: FY1997: $12,083,690, DFA  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002   ~J- -Purpose: To improve the quality and equity of primary education in an expanded (and expanding) system  -by improving education sector policy, financing, and decentralized administration, as well as improving the supply of critical inputs such as teachers, curricula, and books.  ~J2 - -.Background: The educational system is not serving Ethiopia's future generations in terms of educational  -quality or access to schools. Only about 20% of eligible children nationally are enrolled in primary school,  -with even lower rates for girls and rural children. Most of those enrolled do not get a quality education.  -It is estimated that significantly less than half of the adult population can read or write, and the average  -education of the work force is a mere 1.1 years. These distressing statistics place Ethiopia among the  -yworst of the world's developing countries in terms of the quality of its human capital. In Ethiopia, without a much broader and stronger human resource base, sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved.  ~Jr- -yUSAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID is providing technical and other assistance to the Federal  -Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) for bringing about policy change, helping the government to  -improve education sector financing, and decentralizing administration. USAID is also helping the  -zgovernment by working with teacher training institutes to improve curricula, policies, facilities, and by  -assuring the sustainable availability of key inputs such as teachers, books, and improved curricula. While  -fullscale implementation is just beginning, gains are already evident. The Ministry of Education has begun  -setting minimum primary schooling standards to monitor progress on quality and equity objectives. A new  -xcareer and salary structure for teachers has been enacted that rewards performance, not longevity. Other  -changes include improvements in curriculum development, more effective teaching methods by the  -instructors of teacher training institutes, and installation of computerbased planning and policy models.  -Progress toward gender difference objectives already include an additional 600 female trainees annually  -admitted into primary teacher training institutes and a public campaign initiated to encourage parents to  - send their daughters to school. Furthermore, FDRE education financing has also improved with an  -increase in the education budget share from 14.8% to 16%. Moreover, the financing of education is being diversified, with the opening up of private schools for the first time in over 20 years.  ~J- -NDescription: USAID efforts are focused on: (1) improved quality and equity of the primary school  -environment; (2) improved efficiency and effectiveness of key qualityrelated services, such as teachers and  -books; (3) improved quality of teacher training; (4) improved decentralized management and administration of primary education; and (5) increased and more rational and efficient sectoral financing.  -!USAID interventions are targeted at the center to promote systemwide gains and to improve the  -yadministration of the newly decentralized system on the two focus regions (containing about 25% of the  -[country's population). In addition, assistance will strengthen the skills of newly recruited primary school  - teachers (with particular attention to female students), development of more relevant curricula, and  -kimprovement in the supply of instructional materials to schools. Furthermore, within hundreds of rural  -settings, communities will identify problems which have eroded education and receive direct support to  -redress these problems. Finally, USAID supports the spreading of gains and lessons from the target regions to other regions.  ~J'- -Host Country and Other Donors: USAID aims to facilitate systemic change from within, not to impose pre -determined innovations from the outside. For this reason, USAID assistance had been explicitly designed"( 0*0*0**"  -.to conform to the stated education policies and priorities of the FDRE. While USAID is seen as the major  -donor in this area, others supporting primary education include the World Bank, United Nations Children's Fund, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Ireland.  ~J - -Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries include the expanding pool of primary school pupils in the two target regions,  -expected to number over four million. In addition, about 4,000 students at the three teacher training institutes in the focus regions will benefit in the interim.  ~J@- -Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Academy for Educational Development and Tigray Development Association.  ~J-  ~J-#xxP7P#  ~J` -Major Results Indicators: Indicators (apply to target regions)  ~J( -` `  ,hhhBaselineppXTarget  ~J -Primary school graduation examination being collected (1996)20% gain (2002) raw scores  ~J -Primary school female #xxP7P# enrollmenthh24.7% (199495)30% (2002) rates  ~J-Primary school rural enrollmenthhh31% (199495)ppX40% (2002) rates  ~J-Share of females in grade 4hhh31.6% (199495)40% (2002)  ~Jh-Primary schools meeting qualityhhbeing established To be determined  H(#(#(#  ~J0-and equity standards  ,hhh(1996) (recently established by FDRE) " 0*0*0*" #hxP7P#xIACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM: ETHIOPIA  JZ- TITLE & NUMBER: Increased Access to and Participation in a Democratic System, 663S004  J$- STATUS: Continuing  J- PROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCE: FY1997: $2,088,633 DFA  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY1999  ~J-   ~JJ- -Purpose: Increase access to and participation in a democratic system in Ethiopia by providing selected support and assistance to government and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) in Ethiopia.  ~J- -/Background: Emerging from centuries of feudal imperialism, capped by a generation of authoritarian  -Marxism, Ethiopia will require sustained support and technical expertise to build democratic institutions and  -procedures, and more responsive and transparent mechanisms for governance. Assistance is also required  -to establish a positive enabling environment for civil society and to assist indigenous NGOs to assume positive and active roles in economic development and the process of consolidating democratic governance.  ~JR - -USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Efforts to achieve this strategic objective began with support for  -the conduct and international observation of the first elections (June 1992) held after the transition in 1991.  -Subsequently, support for improved election administration, the drafting of and deliberations on a new  -federal constitution, support to investigate and prosecute war crimes, the formation and structuring of a new  -Parliament, the strengthening and administration of national and regional courts, and support to a more  -devolved federal system of government have been included. Assistance has also emphasized the  -strengthening of institutions of civil society, including indigenous civic NGOs and political parties firmly committed to democratic competition.  -By 1995, based on elections for constitutionally established legislative and executive leadership positions  -.at both federal and regional levels, the nonviolent transition from a temporary to an elected government  -was completed. The emerging federal structure has shown strong commitment to the principles of fiscal  -<federalism. Although regional administrative capacity remains uneven, an increasingly effective devolution  -kof authority and budget to regional states has occurred. Although not broadly competitive in partisan  -Lpolitical terms, compared to historically or recent year elections, the 1995 elections were conducted in a  -manner that suggests an increasingly effective electoral administration. USAID will continue to provide assistance in the area of electoral administration.  -The newly elected Parliament is starting to take shape. This body should be able to help resolve  -yinter-regional disputes, and facilitate the efficient and equitable distribution of revenue, both between the  -federal government and among the regions. As requested by the new legislative leadership, USAID has  -begun to offer support in thinking through a variety of structural, organizational, and capacityrelated issues,  -emphasizing the need for accountability and transparency in legislative decisionmaking, as well as the need  -for public access to the legislative process. USAID has also begun to identify areas in which elements of  -the regional and local governments can be supported and strengthened, focusing initially on capacity and policymaking related to fiscal federalism and federalregional economic policy coherence.  -]Efforts to strengthen civil society and to facilitate the organizational consolidation of existing civic  -associations are bearing fruit. Several networks of civic NGOs have been organized and coordination  -among organizations has improved. A cooperative NGO effort to monitor and report on the conduct of the  -yongoing warcrimes trials has emerged and is being supported by USAID. Although the total number of  -civic NGOs remains limited, many of them are becoming increasingly confident and able to operate. USAID  -Mhas played a leading role in encouraging the establishment of a positive enabling environment for the development of a vibrant civil society and its efforts will continue.  ~J'-  ~J(- -Description: USAID has focused on providing timely and appropriate support in key democratic institutions"( 0*0*0**"  -yand processes during the transition. Some of these activities, such as support for NGO coverage of the  -trials of former officials under the Mengistu regime, and support to the National Election Board are being  ->continued. A new grant has been made to the United States Information Agency (USIA) to carry out  -training and support for local media. USAID is also supporting the development of indigenous NGOs in  -Ethiopia. Activities now being developed with government and nongovernmental groups will organize  -judicial training programs at the regional level and provide support to the organization and functioning of the new Parliament.  ~J@- -MHost Country and Other Donors: Considerable energy and funds have been devoted by the FDRE to  -[developing democratic institutions and procedures. Under the guidance of a group of ambassadors, the  -coordination and collaboration among key donors, including the United Kingdom, United Nations  -ODevelopment Program (UNDP), the World Bank, France, Italy, Germany, the United States, and international NGOs has been extremely good.  ~J - -Beneficiaries: Direct beneficiaries include individuals and communities who have chosen to participate in  -Kthe new political, judicial, and legislative systems as well as civic society groups. Ultimate beneficiaries will include the population of Ethiopia.  ~J- -Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Carter Center, National Democratic Institute, Participating  -Agencies Cooperating Together, Fund for Peace, International Fund for Electoral Support, Thunder Associates, Inter Africa Group, USIA, UNDP, ABuGiDa.  ~J0-Major Results Indicators:hhh  ~J-` `  ,hhhBaseline   Target   ~J-Increased access to the state and its decisionTo be established  To be determined making via transparent mechanisms (e.g., elections, judiciary, media, effective regional government).  ~J-Expanded and more active mechanisms for To be established  To be determined voluntary participation in social and political life (civic NGOs, political parties, civic education).  ~JX- #hxP7P# x "0*0*0*Z" IACTIVITY DATA SHEET  J- PROGRAM: ETHIOPIA  JZ- TITLE & NUMBER: Emergency Humanitarian Assistance Provided to Most Vulnerable Groups, 663SP01  J- STATUS: Continuing  J- PROPOSED OBLIGATION & FUNDING SOURCE: FY1997: $31,588,000 P.L. 480, Title II  J- INITIAL OBLIGATION: As needed ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: As needed Đ  ~J- -Purpose: To enhance household food security of vulnerable populations (e.g., those affected by low  -Krainfalls, extreme poverty, high population density, and inadequate or war damaged infrastructure) in target  -<areas by channeling U.S. food donations through U.S. and Ethiopian nongovernment organizations (NGOs) to support emergency relief, reconstruction, and development.  ~J - -Background: Ethiopia's growing inability over the past decades to cope with chronic food deficits, caused  -by civil war and recurrent droughts, has resulted in the need to provide well over one billion dollars in  -Lhumanitarian assistance by the United States. War has now ended, and political stability exists, but the  -trend of the recent past remainsa period of good rains and harvests is followed by a period of drought and  -significant food aid needs. Part of this cycle can be broken through increasing overall national food  -Lproduction (USAID's first strategic objective), providing national improvements in income, surpluses, and  -food reserves in response to weather crises. But chronically vulnerable populations also require targeted  -help to build up their household economies and coping mechanisms to become more productive and be able to better withstand shortterm food shortages.  ~J-   ~J- -USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Since 1984, the United States has provided one quarter to one  -third of annual donorprovided food in Ethiopia, which was needed to keep millions of people alive. Since  -1991, peace and generally good rains have allowed for a steady overall decrease in total food imports and  -a sharp increase in the amount of food going into developing an economic base for vulnerable people. Food is being used now to prevent, rather than respond to, famine.  --In 1995/96, Ethiopia has seen a record grain harvest, and overall import needs have decreased. However,  -zin 1996, over two million people will still require emergency food assistance. The Federal Democratic  -Republic of Ethiopia's (FDRE) Commission for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness (CDPP) plans to fulfil  -this requirement through local procurement of food surpluses and has not requested emergency food  -\imports. This year, the FDRE and NGOs will be able to concentrate on the longer term developmental  -impact of their programs instead of on relief feeding. The CDPP continues to make strong progress in  -implementing the National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management, which focuses on ensuring that  -relief efforts directly contribute to the elimination of the root causes of vulnerability. The government's  -Emergency Food Security Reserve, supported by USAID, has also played a critical role in improving  -zresponse time to critical food needs by maintaining a buffer stock that can be released to immediately respond to food shortages.  ~J - -zDescription: In 1995, through relief and regular foodassisted development programs implemented by  -jinternational and indigenous NGOs, the United States provided 110,209 metric tons (MT) of P.L. 480, Title  -II Emergency and Regular food to assist an estimated 5.7 million beneficiaries. Although relief efforts were  -significantly reduced from 1994, when drought stricken populations required over a million MT of food  -kimports, the capacity of NGOs to respond quickly and efficiently remains critical. These development  -Zprograms are targeted toward vulnerable populations which have supported productive and laborintensive  -activities designed to increase agricultural production, stabilize environmental degradation, and improve  -Zaccess to preventive health and nutritional programs. Equally critical for the foreseeable future is that there  --be continued presence of NGO programs in high risk areas which provide the framework for the FDRE, the United States, and other donors to mount a relief effort quickly and efficiently, if needed. "(0*0*0**"Ԍ -In 1996, it is estimated that approximately 5.7 million Ethiopians will directly benefit from Title II food  -ldonations. As a result, sales of productive assets like oxen will be avoided by the majority of the  -families who face food shortages. P.L. 480, Title II resources have also supported a number of  -rehabilitation activities that address the root causes of these food shortfalls. For example, Food for  -kThe Hungry International (FHI) helped communities in three project areas produce over 6.3 million tree  -seedlings for fruit and firewood consumption. During 1995, Catholic Relief Service (CRS), working  -/with its Ethiopian counterparts, helped communities begin the longterm process of reclaiming arable  -{land by constructing check dams and hillside terraces that prevent excessive water run off and  -restore marginal land to cultivation. Save the Children Fund/USA used P.L. 480, Title II resources to  -/support community health workers in launching immunization campaigns against measles, whooping  -kcough, and polio that reached over 11,000 children. In the Tigray Region, the Relief Society of Tigray  -(REST), in cooperation with Catholic Relief Services (CRS) used P.L. 480, Title II resources to construct  ->over 100 kilometers of farmtomarket roads, thereby providing over 9,000 farmers and their families  -with direct access to the marketplace and other essential services such as health posts and schools.  }K - -Host Country and Other Donors: A number of government/donor/NGO groups and standing  - committees exist in Ethiopia to ensure coordinated planning and implementation of relief efforts. The  -World Food Program hosts weekly meetings that bring United Nations agencies, donors, NGOs, and  -the CDPP together to discuss all aspects of food assistance programming. The CDPP has also  -constituted a number of working groups composed of government ministries/NGO partners and donors  -to study issues and assist the FDRE in policy formulation and implementation of various aspects of  -preparedness and prevention, e.g., food program targeting. Starting in 1996, USAID will invest  -considerable staff time in improving  sH the  sH capacity of all donors and the FDRE to better target scarce  -\food resources. Under the aegis of the Greater Horn of Africa Initiative, Ethiopia will also be the first  -\country in the region to attempt to standardize how food assessments are done and how vulnerable groups are defined. This will enable more effective targeting of food and other resources.  }K- -Beneficiaries: Direct beneficiaries will be the most vulnerable populations in Ethiopia, approximately five million people.  }K8- -Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID implements its P.L. 480, Title II Emergency and  -Regular activities through a group of experienced international and indigenous NGOs Cooperation for  -American Relief Everywhere, CRS, Food for the Hungry International, Save the Children, World Vision  -and Rural Development, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and REST. USAID also works with the FDRE's Commission for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness.  }K- -Major Results Indicators: The major result indicators presented below were recently established in  -{collaboration with NGO partners, other donors and the FDRE's CDPP in order to better capture the results of the varied approaches. The baselines and targets will be developed this year.  }K -Major Results Indicators:  }K!-` `  ,hhhBaselineppXTarget  }K`"-Decrease in deaths due to starvationhhBeing establishedTo be determined sKt   }K(#-Decrease in displacement of the populationBeing establishedTo be  sM determined sM   }K#-An increase in household income hhBeing establishedTo be det sP ermined sP   }K$-A increase in average household hhBeing establishedTo be determined sUo   }K%-agriculturerelated production hhh  }KH&-An increase in the number of clients using Being establishedTo be det sX ermined sX   }K'-primary preventive health serviceshh  }K'-An increase in the number of farmers using Being establishedTo be det s[ ermined s[  and benefitting from conservation techniques "h)0*0*0*z+["Ԍ