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Z  }K- d(# The Clinton Administration launched the Greater Horn of Africa Initiative (GHAI) in the summer of 1994.  d(#Its goal is to attack the root causes of food insecurity and conflict in the Greater Horn. The Initiative  d(#is based on the premise that it is less costly, in terms of both human life and dollars, to intervene early  d(#kto prevent crises rather than to respond to them after they have occurred. Clearly, the United States  d(#will continue to play an important role in meeting the shortterm relief requirements of needy populations in the Greater Horn and elsewhere.  d(#yAfrican leaders in the Greater Horn have also committed themselves to the dual goals of increased food  d(#ysecurity and conflict prevention. These leaders are in the process of revitalizing a regional organization,  d(#the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), to address these goals through formal,  d(#=coordinated mechanisms. The GHAI Initiative coupled with African commitment supports a process  d(#!of joint, regional problem solving. It is central to this process for the United States, other donors,  d(#international private voluntary organizations (PVOs), and Africans both public and private sector representatives to begin to do business differently and more effectively than in the past.  d(#?USAID has evolved a set of implementation principles as the various actors have started to work  d(#together to define a joint approach. These principles include: 1) doing business differently with  d(#=existing resources; 2) ensuring African ownership of all strategies, policies, and activities; 3) promoting  d(#>strategic coordination in every approach; 4) linking relief and development strategies, programs, and  d(#Mfunding; 5) promoting regional approaches to problems; and 6) assuming underlying instability in this region and integrating this concept into all program planning and implementation.  d(#[USAID recognizes that the fundamental changes necessary to accomplish the goals of crisis prevention  d(#!and food security will take time. As a starting point and using a phased approach, the principles  d(#outlined above will be applied to all USAID programming in the Greater Horn region. As a result, USAID  d(#expects resources in the region to be far more effective in addressing food insecurity and conflict in  }K- d(#the region. If this Initiative is successful and the principles prove valid, it may serve as a model approach for other regions in Africa, and perhaps elsewhere in the developing world.  }KX- The Development Challenge.  d(#The development challenge is nowhere greater than in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) region, which  d(#has emerged as one of the world's greatest humanitarian concerns. The region includes 10 countries,  d(#of which nine receive ongoing U.S. humanitarian assistance: Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, Ethiopia,  d(#Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Of the 186 million people living in these countries, a  d(#zhigher proportion (roughly half) live closer to the edge of famine than in any area of comparable size.  d(#If current trends continue, the gap between the amount of food required to sustain human life and the  d(#amount of food which the region can produce or afford to buy may double by 2010. The total number  d(#of refugees and displaced persons is already larger in the Greater Horn than anywhere else in the world and may grow.  d(#The burden of this suffering weighs heavily on the international community. Food aid alone to this  d(#region cost donors over $4 billion between 1985 and 1992. These resource levels could be dwarfed  d(#by the requirements of future civil unrest and political instability. It is in the clear interest and  d(#humanitarian tradition of the United States which already bears a large share of this burden to assist the region in achieving self reliance.  }K'-  d(#Nearly 50% of the population does not have reliable access to food. Half of these people are refugees  d(#]or displaced persons (approximately 11 million). People in the Greater Horn region are among the"h)0*0*0*z+"  d(#poorest in the world: infant mortality rates, illiteracy rates, and fertility rates are all significantly higher  d(#than in other parts of Africa and the world. In addition, misguided economic policies have discouraged  d(#linvestment in agricultural production, marketing and storage, and have not come to terms with the difficult problems of private sector investment, land tenure and trade.  d(#Much of the suffering in the Greater Horn is caused by conflict. There has been very limited progress  d(#on democratization and transparent governance in many of the countries in the Greater Horn. This  d(#means that outside of armed conflict, systems are not in place in all countries to allow negotiation and  d(#=resolution of differences. Fighting now affects five or six countries each year, about twice the number  d(#afflicted in the early 1980s. Weak and often corrupt and unrepresentative national governments have  d(#precluded the creation of strong regional organizations to deal with trade policies, crossborder conflicts, refugees, as well as drought and other natural disasters.  d(#High population growth rates continue to outdistance gains in agricultural production, making future  d(#food security in the region a steadily deteriorating prospect. In addition, severe health problems  d(#confront much of the Greater Horn population, particularly vulnerable groups such as children and  }K -refugee populations.  }K-Other Donors.  }K- d(#? Strategic coordination with other donors, within USAID, across the U.S. Government, and among  d(#PVOs/ nongovernmental organization (NGO) partners, and Africans themselves, is key to the success  d(#kof this Initiative. A primary objective of the earliest phase of the GHAI was to galvanize other donors  d(#to recommit themselves to the Greater Horn region. This includes commitment to prevent crises rather  d(#than to react to emergencies after they have occurred. Major donors have reached consensus on  d(#?USAID's two overarching goals of food security and conflict prevention and there is widespread  d(#zacceptance of the six implementation principles outlined above. These groups must continue to work  d(#together to increase the coherence of programming, reduce redundancy and minimize incompatible and contradictory approaches.  }Kp- FY 1997 Program.  }K- d(# By design, the GHAI departs from traditional patterns of USAID programming and budget allocation.  d(#zThus, the USAID funds specifically dedicated to Initiative activities are limited and facilitative in nature.  d(#In this early stage, it is the U.S. Government which must become the model for doing things differently.  d(#USAID has established six teams centered on the goals and objectives of the GHAI. These teams are  d(#comprised of representatives from USAID, the Department of State, the Department of Defense and  d(#the United States Information Agency as well as members of the PVO/NGO community. As this  d(#approach is successful, this integration will be reflected in the policies and activities of other donors, PVOs, and African partners.  d(#OThe countries of the Greater Horn do not fall neatly into traditional "disaster" or "development"  d(# categories. Most of the GHA countries are either in transition away from or towards crisis, or have  d(#yneighbors in crisis. Traditional development programs do not always serve the emerging needs of these  d(#countries and ongoing humanitarian assistance may in fact be perpetuating the crisis. This "gray" area  d(#.between emergency response and longerterm development has fostered a growing recognition on the part of USAID and its partners of the need to link relief and development programs.  d(#jBecause it focuses on changing the way USAID does business, GHAI's objective of maximizing linkages  d(#between relief and development planning and programming is crosscutting and supports all five Agency goals.  d(#?The GHAI vision is broad and ambitious. Each year USAID programs and those of developmental  d(#partners will increasingly reflect the principles of the GHAI. USAID, its U.S. interagency colleagues,"h)0*0*0*z+"  d(#and international partners are in the process of developing an overarching framework in which to  d(#implement the GHAI. Preliminary discussions have identified three potential strategic objectives,  d(#supporting three Agency goals, which will be achieved within the next 1015 years. These objectives  d(#are focused on assisting Africans to solve their problems in food security and conflict within a regional context.  }K- Agency Goal: Encouraging Broad Based Economic Growth  }Kx-  d(#The majority of the countries in the Greater Horn are unable to feed themselves and given current low  d(#Mlevels of foreign exchange, require food aid to meet food import needs. Eight of the 10 Greater Horn  d(#Ncountries receive both development and humanitarian assistance from USAID. A few Uganda,  d(#Tanzania, and periodically, Kenya currently export agricultural products. A wide range of activities  d(#are under way to increase food security for the people in the Greater Horn. These include  d(#=improvements in such areas as agricultural research, marketing and processing; market integration; and  d(#a more liberalized and competitive macroeconomic environment. Under the GHAI, donor strategies are  d(#to be more tightly coordinated, as needed, to maximize effectiveness; and Africans are to have full  d(#mparticipation in the process of policy formulation and implementation. In addition, food security  d(#strategies are to be developed with more emphasis on regional dimensions. Investment in and growth  d(#of private sector agricultural trade between deficit and surplus countries will be key to this regional  }K- d(#approach. In the medium term, we will be seeking increased coordination between regional institutions on food security strategies and activities.  }K0- d(#  USAID resources in this area will be used to facilitate strategic coordination and regional approaches.  d(#NIn the longterm this will make any U.S. Government investments in agriculture, economic growth, health and nutrition more effective.  }K-  d(#\, Strategic Objective 2: Implement Strategies and Procedures to Maximize Linkages between Relief and Development , Strategic Objective 3: Promote African Ability to Sustain Food Security within a Regional Context  }Kp- Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health  }K8-   d(#A healthy and stable population is critical for sustainable development. It is also critical for making the  d(#=transition from dependency on relief to development. The GHA faces severe health threats, particularly  }K- d(#among children and refugee populations. Health issues of specific Greater Horn populations will be  d(#\targetted as part of the crosscutting approach to move from humanitarian assistance goals to those  d(#of sustainable economic development. Addressing insidious health problems is imperative to attaining the goals of poverty alleviation and sustainable food security in the Greater Horn Region.  d(#\, Strategic Objective 2: Implement Strategies and Procedures to Maximize Linkages between Relief and Development  }K - Agency Goal: Building Democracy  }K!-  }K`"- d(# Donors and Africans agree that chronic social and political instability in the Greater Horn is a major  d(#obstacle to sustainable development. Democratic institutions are weak and societal cleavages tend to  d(#occur along ethnic or tribal lines. Many societies do not yet provide individuals and groups with the  d(#0richness of multiple social and political identities and contacts which make consensus decisions,  d(#/compromise, and conciliation possible. The dual processes of democratization and the development  d(#of political will to prevent and mitigate conflict are essential to future economic growth and stability  d(#in the region. Evidence of this political will is beginning to emerge in the more progressive countries  d(#Lin the Greater Horn. Africans are increasingly coming to realize that ongoing conflict undermines social,  d(#economic, and political progress. They are organizing to foresee crisis and conflict, and to develop  d(#means of prevention and mitigation in order to promote social and political stability based on democratic"h)0*0*0*z+"  d(#jvalues. Africans are increasingly coming to realize that although there is a facilitative role which donors  d(#Mand other international partners can play, ultimately only Africans themselves can resolve their own conflicts.  d(#\USAID works with such groups as the U.S. Institute for Peace, the Organization of African Unity, the  d(#\Carnegie Corporation for Preventing Deadly Conflict and other international and African institutions to  d(#understand what analyses and activities can be undertaken to prevent and mitigate conflict. Non d(#Africans must proceed with caution and define a role which is constructive and based on African  d(#mownership. Clearly, traditional diplomatic methods of conflict resolution have not been entirely successful in many Greater Horn countries.  d(#NAt a minimum, donors must ensure that activities do not inadvertently exacerbate the potential for  }K` - d(#zconflict. O nce the U.S. Government has a better understanding of conflict prevention dynamics in the  d(#Greater Horn, it will actively engage with a wide range of Africans and African institutions to explore  d(#African views and needs on the whole range of conflict prevention and mitigation activities. At the  d(#>policy level, we will engage with other donors and members of IGAD to define a regional framework  d(#and strategies for conflict prevention and mitigation. The U.S. Government will also engage with sub d(#|regional groups and grassroots organizations which are committed to community level conflict  }K- d(#Nprevention. USAID and other U.S. agencies will incorporate conflict prevention into programs and activities in the Greater Horn.  d(#USAID resources will support training in conflict prevention/mitigation concepts and techniques as well  d(#as the identification of indigenous African groups which are involved in conflict prevention discussions and activities. This approach will be both lowcost and effective. , Strategic Objective 1: Increase Capacity in the Region to Prevent and Mitigate Conflict  }KP-  }K- "0*0*0*&"  }K-  GREATER HORN OF AFRICA INITIATIVE . FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY  }K- \ h ddx !ddxX Z h    &&   `F#O PE37ZP#J"      _ Encouragingg Broadbased  Economic  Growth("CXStabilizing LWorld @?Population D`Growth & BbProtecting HHuman HHealth ("8 8 8 8 "Protecting the Environment("     Building Democracy("5 5 5 5 "Providing FHumanitarian Assistance 50"             `Fm TOTALS   X &&  USAID Strategic Objectives               0 &&  1. Increase capacity in the region to prevent and mitigate conflict. Dev. Fund for Africa$ #*,$ #t$ #$ #l l l ?4,000,000$ #R, R, R,$ #V" V" V" }) 4,000,000     &&  2. Implement strategies and procedures to maximize linkages between relief and development. Dev. Fund for Africa#*, *, *, *,  1,500,000#t t t t M3,500,000#   #l l l l#R, R, R, R,#V" V" V" V" }) 5,000,000   $  &&  3. Promote African ability to sustain food security within a regional context. Dev. Fund for Africa #*, *, *,  6,000,000 #t t # #l #R, R, R, #V" V" V" }) 6,000,000     & &   `F Totals Dev. Fund for Africa #*,  7,500,000 #t M3,500,000 # #l ?4,000,000 #R, #V" z15,000,000     }K-#hxP7P# `(#AFR/EA GHAI Director: Patricia Rader `(#(#"0*0*0*1 " CO3 Z#J2PQTP#3ACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }K- PROGRAM: GREATER HORN OF AFRICA INITIATIVE (GHAI)  }KX- d(# TITLE AND NUMBER: Increase Capacity in the Greater Horn of Africa Region to Prevent and Mitigate Conflict, 698S001  }K- STATUS: Continuing  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $4,000,000 DFA  }Kx- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000  }K- d(#\Purpose: To increase the capacity of Africans to mitigate and prevent conflict in the Greater Horn of  d(#=Africa, through training and the identification and support of effective indigenous organizations involved  d(#!in conflict prevention activities and through incorporating conflict prevention into USAID strategic planning for the region.  }K - d(#MBackground: The dual processes of democratization and development of political will to prevent and  d(#mitigate conflict at all levels of society are essential to future economic growth and stability in the  d(#.region. Evidence of political will is beginning to emerge in the more progressive countries in the Greater  d(#Horn. Africans are increasingly coming to realize that ongoing conflict is undermining social, economic,  d(#and political progress. They are learning to foresee crisis and conflict and to develop means of  d(#\prevention and mitigation in order to promote social and political stability based on democratic values.  d(#Africans and donors are increasingly coming to realize that although there is a role which donors and  d(#other international partners can play to assist in the process, ultimately only Africans themselves can resolve their own conflicts.  }K- d(#}USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID played an important role in encouraging the  d(#Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to amend its charter to include conflict prevention.  d(#GHAI is promoting U.S. Government interagency coordination on conflict prevention issues. These  d(#efforts include: conflict prevention and mitigation training for Washingtonbased personnel and field  d(#review of a conflict prevention "toolbox" to aid U.S. Government personnel in practical applications of conflict prevention mechanisms.  }K8- d(#zDescription: USAID will expand its conflict prevention training to fieldbased staff in the Greater Horn  d(#region. It will support the identification of indigenous African groups which are involved in conflict  d(#prevention and mitigation activities, seeking their input into discussions on conflict prevention strategies  d(#taking place among the U.S. Government, IGAD and other donors, multilateral organizations and  d(#zimplementing partners. USAID will provide research assistance and practical support for key conflict  d(#issues identified by these discussions. Working with its partners, USAID also will create a conflict  d(#prevention framework within which ongoing and planned USAID and U.S. Government activities in the  d(#]region can be evaluated. As part of this framework, the GHAI will finalize its conflict prevention primer and toolbox.  d(#USAID is committed to doing business differently. This is the underlying foundation of USAID's  d(# Incentive Fund. Starting in FY 1997, the Incentive Fund will support each field mission's commitment  d(#to incorporating the GHAI into their strategies and strategic objectives. Each mission will have the  d(#opportunity to assess how the use of GHAI resources could improve the quality of their activity  d(# portfolio and make requests for funding that will result in approaches that will achieve the Initiative's  d(#goals and objectives. GHAI funds are intended to function as seed money for new idea activities or to  d(#act as short term bridges to further USAID goals while other mechanisms are developing to provide for  d(#?longer term needs. A fieldbased steering committee composed of representatives from the field  d(#missions and the regional mission in Nairobi will be delegated authority to program USAID resources and empowered to implement the Fund activities.  }K(- d(#lHost Countries and Other Donors: IGAD has revised its charter to include conflict prevention and mitigation, which places the leadership in conflict prevention in the hands of Africans. Z "h)0*0*0*z+ "  }K- d(#zBeneficiaries: USAID assistance will indirectly benefit African communities by building institutions for conflict prevention and mitigation to help avoid potential violent conflict and its effects.  }KX-Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: To be determined.  }K-Major Results Indicators: To be determined."0*0*0* "  }K-COACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }K- PROGRAM: GREATER HORN OF AFRICA INITIATIVE (GHAI)  }KX- d(# TITLE AND NUMBER: Implement Strategies and Procedures to Maximize Linkages Between Relief and Development, 698S002  }K- STATUS: Continuing  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $5,000,000 DFA  }Kx- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2000  }K- d(#LPurpose: To improve the linkages between relief and development assistance in ways that are mutually  d(#supportive and reinforcing while promoting more rapid transitions from relief to development for countries in the region.  }K( - d(#Background: Most countries of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) are either transitioning out of or into  d(#crisis or have neighbors in crisis. Traditional development programs do not always serve the emerging  d(#needs of these countries and ongoing humanitarian assistance may, in some instances, perpetuate the  d(#crises. In addition, relief and development assistance activities traditionally have been programmed  }KH - d(#!quite separately, with little overlap or coordination. The "gray" areas between acute emergency  d(#response and longterm development, arguably one of the most difficult and complex to address, have  d(#Nfostered a growing recognition on the part of USAID and its partners of the need to link relief and development programs.  d(#Family planning programs in the GHA are imperative to complement other development efforts in the  d(#region. Should family planning programs stall, the need to feed, educate and employ people would  d(#>outstrip the GHA's ability to keep up. AIDS will likely have a significant impact on population size, but  d(#under the worst case AIDS scenario, the population growth rate would still be greater than economic growth and development.  }K- d(#{USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Through the Transitions Team of the GHAI, principles and  d(#joperating guidelines for linking relief and development have been drafted, as well as an incisive analysis  d(#zof the constraints within USAID to achieving these linkages. This widely approved analysis included  d(#]numerous recommendations for overcoming these constraints, to the extent possible considering  d(#political, legislative, and funding realities. A few recommendations are already being implemented, including the development of an integrated country strategic plan for Somalia.  }K-  }K- d(#Description: USAID will finalize and begin implementing the recommendations generated by the  d(#analysis of the internal constraints USAID faces in linking relief and development. Over the next three  d(#years, USAID will seek to implement the more than 30 recommendations, including intensive training  d(#>for implementing partners in the practical application of linkage concepts and techniques. USAID will  d(#|work with other donors and multilateral institutions as well as IGAD and other African regional  d(#organizations to incorporate these linkages into their programming approaches. Using a phased  d(#\approach over the next five years, USAID will work on the development of integrated strategic plans  d(#=for all countries of the Greater Horn. USAID resources will support training, outreach and pilot activities which demonstrate the effectiveness of linking relief and development.  d(#The GHAI is committed to doing business differently. This is the underlying foundation of the GHAI  d(#Incentive Fund. Starting in FY 1997, the Incentive Fund will support each USAID field mission's  d(#\commitment to incorporating the GHAI into their strategies and strategic objectives. Each mission will  d(#]have the opportunity to assess how the use of GHAI resources could improve the quality of their  d(#portfolios in ways that will result in analysis and approaches that will help to achieve the Initiative's  d(#[goals and objectives. Based on a standard set of criteria, a limited number of proposals will be selected  d(#/for funding. GHAI funds are facilitative in nature, limited and intended to function as seed money for  d(#>new idea activities or to act as short term bridges to further the GHAI goals while other mechanisms  d(#are developing to provide for longer term needs. A fieldbased steering committee composed of  d(#representatives from the field missions and REDSO/ESA will be delegated authority to program USAID"h)0*0*0*z+ " resources and empowered to implement the Fund activities.  d(#Under this program, resources will also focus on two preeminent health challenges: stabilizing population growth and controlling AIDS.  }K- d(#Host Countries and Other Donors: Numerous other donors and multilateral organizations, including  d(#the European Union, Canada, and the United Nations Development Program, have begun to analyze the  d(#linkages between their own relief and development programs. USAID is already actively coordinating  d(#Nwith other donors to understand alternate approaches and to set up a process for sharing these  d(#concepts with IGAD and other African entities in the region. USAID's efforts to speed transitions from  d(#relief to development through effective program linkages can be greatly enhanced through this kind of coordination.  }K` - d(#/Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries will include all Africans in the Greater Horn of Africa who are receiving USAID relief and development assistance.  }K -Principal Contractors: To be determined.q  }KH -Major Results Indicators: To be determined."H 0*0*0* " COACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }K- PROGRAM: GREATER HORN OF AFRICA INITIATIVE (GHAI)  }KX- d(# TITLE AND NUMBER: Promote African Ability to Sustain Food Security within a Regional Context, 698S003  }K- STATUS: Continuing  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $6,000,000 DFA  }Kx- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002  }K-Purpose: To promote African ability to improve food security within a regional context.  }K- d(#Background: The prevalence of drought, locusts, and loss of food production due to conflict have  d(#crippled the ability of the populations of the Greater Horn region to work toward sustainable  d(#development. The majority of the countries in the Greater Horn are dependent on imports for adequate  d(#zfood supplies and, given current low levels of foreign exchange, require food aid to meet food import  d(#kneeds. A few Uganda, Tanzania, and periodically, Kenya currently export agricultural products.  d(#Because most countries of the region have a structural food deficit, regional food selfreliance will  d(#=require trade and coordination among Greater Horn countries. A wide range of African institutions and  d(#international actors are working on ways to increase food security for the people in the Greater Horn.  d(#kTo date, donor strategies have not been as tightly coordinated as needed to maximize effectiveness and food security strategies have been developed with little emphasis on regional dimensions.  }K0- d(#^USAID Role and Achievements to Date: USAID played a major role in encouraging Africans to  d(#\"revitalize" the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD), an institution created to provide  d(#a framework for regional food security. In order to enhance coordination among and between African  d(#institutions, donors, international organizations and implementing partners, USAID created a data base  d(# which inventories food security related activities by type and location, providing users with a tool to  d(#minimize duplication and maximize impact of individual projects and programs. GHAI also created a  d(#kdirectory of USAIDmanaged activities which will be circulated widely to facilitate information sharing  d(#Land encourage African participation in these activities. In addition, USAID worked with African partners  d(# to complete a study of the transportation system in the southern tier of Greater Horn of Africa. This study will be used to coordinate efforts to address transportation issues in the region.  }K- d(#Description: Efforts will continue to focus on coordination at the field level among and between  d(#Africans, donors and other relevant organizations on food security issues and activities. In order to help  d(#establish clear guidelines and coordinated delivery of food aid shipments, USAID will host a workshop  d(#on standardizing vulnerability/food needs assessments. This workshop will bring together food aid  d(#donors in order to agree on a methodology for establishing how much food aid a certain population  d(#requires. More broadly, USAID will provide technical and other assistance to African organizations to develop and assist in the implementation of national food security strategies.  d(#The GHAI is committed to doing business differently. This is the underlying foundation of the GHAI  d(#Incentive Fund. Starting in Fiscal Year 1997, the Incentive Fund will support each field Mission's  d(#\commitment to incorporating the GHAI into their strategies and strategic objectives. Each mission will  d(#]have the opportunity to assess how the use of GHAI resources could improve the quality of their  d(#|activity portfolio and make requests for funding that will result in activities that will achieve the  d(#NInitiative's goals and objectives. Based on standard criteria, a limited number of proposals will be  d(#selected for funding. GHAI funds are facilitative in nature, limited and intended to function as seed  d(#money for new idea activities or to act as short term bridges to further the GHAI goals while other  d(#mechanisms are developing to provide for longer term needs. A fieldbased steering committee  d(#composed of representatives from the field missions and REDSO/ESA will be delegated authority to program USAID resources and empowered to implement the Fund activities.  }K(-  }Kh)- d(#Host Country and Other Donors: USAID is working with a number of food aid and food security related"h) 0*0*0*z+ "  d(#organizations (U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization, World Food Program, Private Voluntary  d(#zOrganizations) and African technical and regional organizations, as well as other donors. There has been close collaboration with the Canadians in particular in developing the vulnerability workshop.  }K - d(#Beneficiaries: All Africans in the Greater Horn region, especially those most vulnerable to food insecurity.  }Kx-Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: To be determined.  }K-Major Results Indicators: To be determined.