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moving from centralized, state xMrun economies to marketbased free enterprise economies and (2) moving from authoritarian political  x0systems to liberalized and democratic political systems. For the majority of African countries the  xcommitment to these changes is strong, and much progress has been made. However, there remains  xMa great deal to be done to institutionalize these changes and to make them irreversible. The U.S. has  xa strong interest in supporting these transformations. A prosperous, free Africa will have a beneficial  xeffect on the U.S. economy, will provide a more effective partner to combat global threats to the  xenvironment and international health, and will create greater political stability in an unstable part of the world, a part of the world where instability often results in war, hunger and refugees.  }K- The Development Challenge.  xThe central development challenge facing subSaharan Africa is to mobilize resources for investment  xin economic infrastructure such as roads and in social infrastructure such as schools. Overseas  xDevelopment Assistance to Africa, after many years of growth is now on the decline. Increasingly  xAfrican countries will need to turn to the private sector, both indigenous and foreign, to provide  xinvestment funds needed for sustainable growth. But private investment will only be forthcoming in stable and supportive political and economic environments.  xAt the same time efforts have to continue to increase the efficiency of new investments. There is little  xdoubt that a great deal of the investment made in Africa in the 19751985 period was wasted. Better  xallocation and use of new and existing resources is needed. Some of the solutions are political  xgovernments have to stop wasting money on inefficient parastatals or on "white elephant" political  xprojects. Much of this change has already taken place. But many of the solutions are based on learning how to do things better and then doing better.  xNot only will Africans have to look to themselves for development financing, but they will also have  x]to take more responsibility for designing and managing development programs. Perhaps the most  xstriking change in Africa over the last few years has been the emergence of a strong cadre of  xsophisticated, welltrained, selfconfident professionals. These men and women are taking charge of  xLthe development process and are looking at donors as partners rather than as managers and financiers of development.  xFinally, there are many new efforts in Africa to move toward greater cooperation among the countries  x/in the region. This cooperation takes several forms. First, there are a number of attempts to reduce  xbarriers to the free flow of goods, capital and labor across national boundaries. This is particularly  x1important as many African countries have markets which are too small to attract international  xinvestment. Second, there is the development of specific modes of cooperation within a sector, such  xas training or agricultural research. Much of this is done through networking which allows regional  xspecialization. For example, not every country needs to do potato research. Rather one country can  xspecialize in potatoes and another in beans and they can share their information. Finally, there has  xzbeen an exponential growth in the sharing of information of all kinds, and policy makers and technical experts in one country are increasingly learning from their colleagues in other countries.  }Kh)- "h)0*0*0*+"  }K-Other Donors.  x>Total donor commitment was $20 billion in FY 1994 for development activities in subSaharan Africa.  x While real levels of commitment are dropping in the 1990's, cooperation among donors is increasing.  xThere are a number of multidonor coordination efforts at the sectoral level, and a number of U.S.other  x]donor partnerships at the bilateral level. At the multidonor level, the US is working with the World  xBank, Canada, The United Kingdom, Germany, and the Scandinavians and other major donors in policy  x]reform, education operation research, the environment and health. On a bilateral level, the United States is working with the European Union and with Japan on several health initiatives.  }K- FY 1997 Program.  xThe USAID Africa Regional strategy for helping Africa manage more effectively its transition to  xsustainable political and economic transformation centers around three sets of activities. First, the  x>program provides policyrelevant information and helps African countries and their partners use this  xinformation to improve the policies, programs and strategies required for sustainable development.  xSecond, the regional program builds the capacity of Africa to manage its own development. Third, the  xkregional program assists African countries and institutions to build more effective regional interaction to increase economic and technical cooperation.  x{Already USAID is seeing the fruits of these activities in a variety of sectors. In the private sector,  xzUSAID is supporting networks of African entrepreneurs, and these have resulted in a number of joint  xinvestment and trade partnerships across country lines and in changes of government policies that over xregulated business. In health and child survival, USAID is supporting the development of publicprivate  xsector partnerships which could lead to more financially sustainable programs. In the environment,  xUSAID helped build an Africawide effort to plan and monitor environmental activities based on partnerships with local groups.  }K- Agency Goal: Encouraging Broadbased Economic Growth  x0The last decade has seen most of the countries in Africa move from negative rates of per capita  x\economic growth to positive rates. However, growth rates of one percent or less will not lead to an  xappreciable improvement in peoples' lives in any reasonable timeframe. To move Africa into self xsustaining growth, which will have positive impacts on population growth, health, and the environment,  xas well as lead to greater political stability, will require per capita growth rates of around 3% per year,  xjwhich means increasing the overall growth in real gross domestic product from the current 4% per year to 6% per year. This is a daunting task.  x\In the shortrun Africa must continue the process of economic liberalization and regional cooperation  xto encourage private investment. Of particular importance is agriculture and agribusiness. In the  xmediumterm Africa must strengthen its capacity to design and implement more effective economic  }K - x/programs. In the longrun Africa must improve the efficiency and equity of its educational system to  xprovide the education and skills that Africa's workforce will need to compete in the twentyfirst century.  }K(#- x In the past year, there has been a substantial increase in African capacity to analyze and make policy  xrecommendations in the enabling environment. Some of this analysis has resulted from joint  xpartnerships between USAID's regional program, African research institutions, and African  xgovernments. For example, this has been noteworthy in the area of agriculture and food security where  xregional programs have had a major influence in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Mozambique, several countries in  xLthe Sahel and elsewhere. In many cases, policy and market reforms have resulted in lower food prices  xfor the poor and higher prices for farmers, as marketing inefficiencies were reduced. There have also  xbeen successes through partnerships within the private sector such as the African Business Roundtable  xwhich has used its prestige to leverage improvements in such areas as regional banking (providing for"h)0*0*0*z+"  ximproved mechanisms for foreign currency exchange) and regional trade (removing border taxes,  xparticularly informal taxes on crossborder trade). Finally, there have been successful donorAfrican  xpartnerships such as in the African Economic Research Consortium which has created a regional  xmasters' degree program in economics, by pooling the resources of nine Eastern and Southern African universities.  xIn addition, the Leland Initiative has negotiated the liberalization of telecommunication policies in a  xnumber of countries, leading to broadbased access to the Internet. As a result, public and private  xentities in Mali, Benin and Eritrea, for example, will be able to access the information and expertise necessary for sustainable economic and social development.  xOf course, these successes are just the beginning of what needs to be achieved. While much has been  xdone, much more remains to be done. In particular, more analysis, dialogue and policy reform must  xbe done to open in the areas of financial markets, in which conservatism and lack of competition seem  xlto be reducing access to financing for good investment ideas, and in labor markets to ensure that  xopportunity for access to jobs is equitable. Moreover, regional cooperation is in its infancy, and  ximportant agendas for cooperation among the countries of specific subregions such as Southern Africa, and among sector specialists such as health professionals need to be nurtured.  xzA tenant of the USAID Africa Bureau's management goal is that Agency resources are budgeted and  ximplemented for specific country and regional programs to the maximum extent possible. However,  xthere are some Africawide issues and management needs that transcend national and/or regional  xboundaries. To this end, the Africa Bureau funds a discrete set of activities which address these  xproblems, issues and needs. Among these activities are: funding for noncountry specific program  x0development and support; the USAID Africa Bureauwide Special Self Help Development Fund to  xpromote small civic endeavors; undergirding support for an enhanced role for U.S. and indigenous  xprivate voluntary organizations (PVOs); a limited fund for initiating worthwhile unsolicited proposals  xwhich address concerns that go beyond a particular USAID mandate; and a fund to promote economic policy reform.  }Kp-  , Strategic Objective 1:` Improve Policies, Programs and Strategies in the Area of Economic Growth in a Sustainable Way(#  }K- , Strategic Objective 31:` Broad Based Support for Africa(#  }K- Agency Goal: Stabilizing World Population Growth and Protecting Human Health  }KX-  x\Africa is faced with the highest rate of population growth of any region in the world at any time in its  xhistory. Africa also faces the highest rates of child and infant mortality and the lowest life expectancy  xof any region in the world. There have been important improvements. Fertility levels in many countries  xk(Ghana, Tanzania) are starting to show unprecedented rates of decline, while progress continues in  xthose countries (Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Botswana) which have seen substantial fertility declines.  xMoreover, for over two decades health indicators have shown slow but steady improvement. However,  xthe HIV/AIDS pandemic threatens to wipe out all these gains and return child survival rates and life expectancy rates to preindependence levels.  xThe regional program is aimed at improving the effectiveness and sustainability of population and health  }K#- x programs in Africa. For example, with USAID support, the Africa regional office of the World Health  x]Organization (WHO/AFRO) has developed a new regional immunization strategy that emphasizes  xsustainable approaches to increasing the coverage and effectiveness of vaccination programs  xthroughout Africa. This strategy has been approved by Ministers of Health from 40 African countries. "'0*0*0*)"  xWhile USAID began to see some success in the area of HIV/AIDS, the problem continues to get worse  xand not better. USAID will be expanding its efforts to try to develop effective strategies and programs to deal with this catastrophe.  }K - V , Strategic Objective 2:` Improve Policies, Programs and Strategies in Population and Health in a Sustainable Way(#  }K-, Strategic Objective 31:` Broad Based Support for Africa(#  }K@- Agency Goal: Protecting the Environment  xlAfrica's rapid population growth is putting increased pressure on a limited natural resource base.  xForests, soils and biodiversity are in particular danger. For example, our research shows that soil  x!erosion in Rwanda (prior to the civil war) had reduced agricultural productivity to a major extent,  xreducing food security. Over the past few years, the regional program has supported an approach to  x0this problem which emphasizes (1) local control over local resources, and (2) investments in the development and use of new resourcesaving technologies.  xUSAID is seeing important successes. In Mali, for example, the agricultural research program has  xtransferred over twenty land and water saving technologies to farmers. In Zimbabwe, local control of  xwildlife has led to more sustainable use of this resource, protecting the biodiversity while at the same  xtime providing an important source of income to local villages. The challenge is to expand these ideas.  xzUSAID has just launched a new program, the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment, to  xmake the general idea of local control a reality in the Congo River Basin, the largest remaining relatively unthreatened rain forest in the world.  }K- (, Strategic Objective 3:` Improve Policies, Programs and Strategies in Protecting the Environment in a Sustainable Way(#  }K-, Strategic Objective 31:` Broad Based Support for Africa(#  }K- Agency Goal: Building Democracy  }K8- x/ The dramatic transition toward democracy in Africa is both breathtaking and fragile. More than half  xof the countries in subSaharan Africa now have or are moving toward real democracy. Free and fair  xelections are being held, the press is becoming remarkably open, legislatures are gaining independence  xfrom the executive, and governmental power is being devolved to local and regional units. In a sense,  x{though, this revolution has been occurring in response to the examples in Eastern Europe and the  xyformer Soviet Union as well as to the frustration at the ongoing financial crisis of overextended African governments and their utter failure to deal with corruption and poverty.  xThe problem is that the institutional base for this change is very weak. Governments are learning,  xthough very slowly, to share power. The press is learning that freedom brings responsibility. Civil  xsociety is learning that engaging government is hard work. The people are learning that newly elected  xgovernments do not mean overnight wealth. The regional program has been supporting the  xdevelopment of these institutions through (1) building understanding of how to examine what is needed  xfor longterm success in a democratic transition, and (2) providing assistance to a number of local  x/groups to improve their capacity to lobby government in the areas of human rights and governments accountability to the interests of all people, not just a privileged few.  }K%- e, Strategic Objective 4:` Improve Policies, Programs and Strategies in Building Democracy in a Sustainable Way(#  }K'-, Strategic Objective 31:` Broad Based Support for Africa(#  }K(- "(0*0*0**"  }K-Agency Goal: Providing Humanitarian Assistance  xOver the past decade Africa has been beset by humanitarian crises, both those caused by nature and  xthose caused by war and civil unrest. The Regional Program's objective in this area is to help avoid  xcrises where possible and to coordinate the Agency's response in Africa where necessary. It is difficult  x>to see what didn't happen. Over the past years some of USAID's greatest successes have come in  xdisasters avoided droughts that didn't lead to famines and grasshopper and locust outbreaks that  x[were nipped before they became major problems. The regional program has been responsible for many  xof these successes. The program's famine early warning system again proved itself invaluable in  xhelping the donor community and African countries in the Southern Africa Region stave off the  xjconsequences of a second drought in three years. Our emergency response program to grasshoppers  x0and locusts worked with the Government of Eritrea and the United Nations Food and Agricultural  xkOrganization (FAO) to help contain a grasshopper outbreak in Eritrea. Our intention is to increasingly  x@transfer this capacity to the governments of Africa, but it will take some time to do so. These  xzprograms, while managed by the Africa Bureau's Disaster Response Coordination Office in USAID/W  xhave direct benefits to recipient countries, thus, funding is attributed to the country budget rather than the regional program office.  }K- , Strategic Objective 21:` Improved Use of USAID Resources to Prevent, Mitigate, and Respond to Humanitarian Crises in SubSaharan Africa. (#  }K- , Strategic Objective 22:` Improved Environmentally Safe Approaches to Prevent and Mitigate  +Agricultural Pest Crises Adopted by Host Countries, Regional Institutions, and International Organizations in SubSaharan Africa. (#  }K- Other:  x0USAID has made it a policy to concentrate assistance where it is most likely to have the greatest  x/development impact. Certain small countries with special needs in priority areas such as agriculture  xland human resources management, stabilizing population growth, protecting the environment and  xbuilding democracy receive limited assistance without directhire staff presence. In addition some  xbilateral programs which are being phased out will continue to receive limited assistance and oversight  xfrom regional programs until these programs are terminated. Included in the Regional Program is funding for P.L. 480 Title II programs in Mauritania, Sierra Leone and Sudan. "X0*0*0*"  }K-    #ixP7krP#& AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAM  FY 1997 PROGRAM SUMMARY  }K-T P h ddx !ddxX Z h  2  &7&   `F#O PE37P#J"      _ Encouragingg Broadbased  Economic  Growth("XStabilizing World ?Population `Growth & bProtecting Human Health("j8 j8 j8 j8 U"Protecting bthe PEnvironment("     Building Democracy("    Providing FHumanitarian Assistance(".  .  .  .  .  .   `F TOTALS 2  X &7&  USAID Strategic Objectives^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^      &&  1. Improve the Policies, Programs and Strategies in Economic Growth Dev. Fund for Africa~ #, , ,  6,033,363~ #C~ #~ #l~ #,~ #JV" JV" JV" #) 6,033,363    ^  &&  2. Improve the Policies, Programs and Strategies in Population & Health Dev. Fund for Africa II#,#C C C 3,080,910##l#,#JV" JV" JV" %) 3,080,910    ~  &&  3. Improved the Policies. Programs and Strategies in Protecting the Environment Dev. Fund for Africa#,#C#   ^4,159,520#l#,#JV" JV" JV" %) 4,159,520     &&  4. Improve the Policies, Programs and Strategies in Building Democracy Dev. Funds for Africa#,#C##l l l 432,344#,#JV" JV" JV" * 432,344  l  &e&  21. An Improved Use of USAID Resources to Prevent, Mitigate and Respond to Humanitarian Crises Dev. Fund for AfricaJe#, , , , , n 287,327Je#C C C C C (q73,286Je#     \3,504,863Je#l l l l l lJe#,Je#JV" JV" JV" JV" JV" #) 3,865,476l   &e&  22. Improved Environmentally Safe Approaches for Agriculture Pest Control Dev. Fund for Africa#,#C C C C C#    c290,950#l#,#JV" JV" JV" JV" * 290,950 z J &v&  31. Broad Based Support for Africa Dev. Fund for Africa v#, ,   5,393,000 v#C C 8,758,000 v#  \4,233,000 v#l l ?1,316,000 v#, v#JV" JV"  19,700,000z    &v&  Other  `F!ԩ Dev. Fund for Africa (1)  `F^"ԩ Economic Support Fund (2)  `F#ԩ P.L. 480 Title II (3)##, n 668,769  10,000,000##C (q29,870## \3,675,907##l ?1,866,404##, , , 21,658,000##JV" #) 6,240,950  10,000,000  21,658,000  P    &W&   `F2$ Totals Dev. Fund for Africa Economic Support Fund P.L. 480 Title II&W#,  12,382,459  10,000,000  &W#C |11,942,066 C A &W# Y<15,864,240   &W#l ?3,614,748 l l&W#, | , 21,658,000&W#JV"  43,803,513  10,000,000  21,658,000P   #W  }K)-`(#m#hxP7krP#USAID/W AFR/SD Office Director: Jerome Wolgin ""+,,,/+#"ԌNote: The $43  ,803,513 for Development Fund for Africa for the Africa Regional Program in the table above includes $6,240,950 for various small country programs under $1 million each (listed in footnote (1) below). It excludes $38,287,437 in Africa Regional Program funds which have been attributed to country planning base levels. It also excludes $15,000,000 for the Greater Horn of Africa Initiative and $522,194 for the Sahel Regional Program which are shown in separate narratives. (1) Includes funding levels for the following countries: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Dijbouti, Gabon, Gambia, Lesotho, Mauritania, Mauritius, Sao Tome & Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, and Togo. (2) Economic Support Funds will be distributed to various countries in Africa during the year. (3) Includes P.L. 480 Title II for Mauritania, Sierra Leone and Sudan. #hxP7krP#"H ,,, #" #hxP7krP#CACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }K- PROGRAM : AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAM  }KX- xl TITLE AND NUMBER: Improve the Policies, Programs and Strategies in Economic Growth in a Sustainable Way, 698S001  }K- STATUS: New  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 1997: $12,400,000 DFA  }Kx- INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001  }K- xMPurpose: To improve the enabling environment for private sector growth, strengthen policyanalytic  x capacity and support the development of more effective primary education systems in subSaharan Africa.  }K( - x[Background: For Africa to grow, more of the financial resources for growth and more of the intellectual  xleadership for growth must come from within Africa. To a great extent this depends on African  xgovernments and institutions finding ways to make private investment more attractive, and this, in turn,  xrequires policy and regulatory reform, and the strengthening of the institutions that manage the economy. It also requires more and better educated Africans.  }K- xlUSAID Role and Achievement to Date: The USAID Regional Program is strengthening a number of  xAfrican policyanalytic organizations such as the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) and  xthe Association for the Development of African Education (DAE). Through the Leland Initiative, USAID  xis also supporting the linking of researchers and other policymakers across Africa through the Internet  xand other electronic communications systems. Finally, it is helping African countries build more  x0effective, more financially sustainable education systems. Thus for example, the Africa regional  xzprogram has developed the Sustainable Financing initiative in agricultural research. Within education,  xUSAID has leveraged an increasing level of country financing for primary schooling. Given shrinking  xkexternal resources and the strong need for African institutions to begin controlling their own destiny,  xwe are leading an initiative to develop financing mechanisms that will help break the chain of donor  xdependency. Following extensive analysis of the "art of the possible", the initiative is now actually  x@helping African institutions put together systematic workplans to this end. Mechanisms being  xdeveloped include such things as establishing endowments, commercializing technology and arranging debt swaps, as well as the institutional changes needed for these mechanisms to work.  }K- xDescription: The regional program works catalytically by linking U.S. expertise with African expertise  xin a mentoring role. African institutions and researchers suggest a set of important activities that need  xjfurther analysis, and the Regional Program, through a series of grants and contracts, links key expertise  x>in the United States with African counterparts, developing solutions to the problems and at the same  xtime creating greater capacity for Africans to work independently. Moreover, through the process of  xnetworking with a variety of partners, including other donors, we act to spread these ideas to various  xyplaces besides those we are working in. Finally, our African counterparts become champions for policy  xand strategy change and are often much more effective than outsiders in getting policy makers to "buy into" the new (and hopefully, better) ideas.  }K`"- xHost Country and Other Donors: These are partnership activities. We are working with the World  xBank, foundations such as Ford and Rockefeller, and a range of bilateral donors including the French,  x@the Scandinavians and the Canadians. USAID plays a leading role in The Association for the  x{Development of African Education, which provides a multidonor and hostcountry framework for addressing regional policy and technical issues.  }K'- x\Beneficiaries: We work primarily through Agency Country Missions. The immediate beneficiaries are  xAfrican policymakers and analysts. Improved policies and programs will benefit everyone, particularly the poor, in countries where these programs are implemented. "h)0*0*0*z+#"Ԍ }K- xPrincipal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The Regional program works with a wide variety of U.S.  x>universities and contractors as well as with African institutions, universities, Government ministries,  x{and NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs). Among the institutions USAID is working with are  xHarvard Institute for International Development, Howard University, Michigan State University, ClarkAtlanta, African Economic Research Consortium, and University of Nairobi.  }K-  }K-X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:enhanced spraying techniques and biological organisms used instead of hazardous pesticides. The  xAfrica Emergency Locust/Grasshopper Assistance (AELGA) is aimed at helping to achieve this strategic objective.  }K- x/USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Since 1990, the Africa Bureau has funded biological control  xresearch through the AELGA activity. Late last year a biological pesticide was registered through the  xU.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on rangeland grasshoppers in the United States. Much  xof the field work was carried out in Africa under the USAID grant. Other important achievements have  xbeen the removal and destruction of outofdate, banned pesticides in Niger and Zanzibar (50,000 liters  x and 400 metric tons, respectively). Finally a total of 125,000 liters of pesticide donated by Morocco,  xzAlgeria, and Tunisia were transported at AELGA's expense to other developing countries in Africa to control Desert Locusts.  }K- x]Description: Safeguarding the environment is the main thrust of this strategic objective. FY 1997  xfunds under this SO will be used to mitigate environmental hazards through training of host country  xcrop protection staff to decrease their dependency on chemical pesticides through the use of pest  xzmanagement. Research into biological control for locust and grasshoppers has been funded through  xApril 1997 using prior year budgets. No new money will be requested for biological control until the results of large scale testing are known.  xAlso under this SO, activities will be funded to ameliorate conditions and prevent environmental public  xLhealth threats by reducing surplus pesticides, enhancing the capability of host country personnel to use  xpesticides safely, disposing of expired pesticides, and convincing host country partners to accept recommendations from environmental assessments.  }K@- xHost Country and Other Donors: Donor coordination is essential to encourage host countries to adopt  xenvironmentally sound pesticide laws and regulations. Currently, 18 supplementary environmental  xassessments have been conducted jointly with African countries to ensure that the host countries follow accepted USAID environmental procedures, thus making them eligible for U.S. assistance.  xPesticide disposal has been arranged with host countries (Tanzania and Mauritania) and the Dutch and  xlGermans, i.e., to safely package and ship expired pesticides to the Netherlands to be incinerated.  xAELGA has worked closely with the governments of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia to promote the donation of excess, viable pesticides to African countries experiencing major locust outbreaks.  xIn Madagascar, Eritrea, and Mali biological control research is be accomplished in coordination with the host country ministries of agriculture and local universities.  }Kh)-"h)0*0*0*z+#"  }K- x?Beneficiaries: The end customers are rural African families who are safeguarded because their  x?environment is protected through proper and timely application of pesticides to control locust and  xgrasshoppers. Rural Africans benefit from the safe application and disposal of U.S. funded pesticides.  xWith a breakthrough in the biological control research, these new pesticides will replace the chemical pesticides, and the potential for improved rural health and improved environment will result.  }K- xPrincipal Contractors and Grantees: Technical assistance is provided through an interagency (RSSA)  x/agreement with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which in turn has contracted with the University  x.of Maryland/Eastern Shore and the University of Missouri/Columbia. Biological control research is being  xconducted through two grants with Montana State University. The FAO is the grantee providing rapid response, early warning, and locust control services.  }K` -Major Results Indicators:  }K( -dx44` `    <<hh,@ThDD|Baseline  LLTarget Host Country pesticide warehouses managed in an environmentally sound  }KH -manner44` `    <<hh,@ThDD|0 countries (1996)LL5 countries (2000) Biological pesticides used on locust and  }K- grasshoppers for emergency controlhh,@ThDD|0 pesticides (1995)LL2 pesticides (2000) "p0*0*0*#"  }K-#hxP7krP#CACTIVITY DATA SHEET  }K- PROGRAM : AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAM  }KX- TITLE AND NUMBER : Broad Based Support for Africa, 698S031  }K - STATUS : New  }K- PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE : FY 1997: $19,700,000 DFA  }K- INITIAL OBLIGATION : FY 1997; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE : Ongoing  }K@- xPurpose: To provide support to address Africawide issues that are intrinsic to Africa Bureau program  x{management and/or provide support that is broader than that provided to a single bilateral country program or subregional program.  }K` - x\Background: A tenant of the USAID Africa Bureau's management goal is that Agency resources are  xbudgeted and implemented for specific country and regional programs to the maximum extent possible.  xkHowever, there are some Africawide issues and management needs that transcend national and/or  xMregional boundaries. To this end, the Africa Bureau funds a discrete set of activities which address  x?these problems, issues and needs. Among these activities are: funding for noncountry specific  xprogram development and support; the USAID Africa Bureauwide Special Self Help Development Fund  x\to promote small civic endeavors; undergirding support for an enhanced role for U.S. and indigenous  xprivate voluntary organizations (PVOs); a limited fund for initiating worthwhile unsolicited proposals  xwhich address concerns that go beyond a particular USAID mandate; and a fund to promote economic policy reform.  }K- x\USAID Role and Achievements to Date: Though disparate, the activities supported have the common  xfocus of enhancing the way the Africa Bureau manages its development resources. Funding is used  xjto service certain noncountry specific needs or where it is premature to budget resources to a specific  xcountry or group of countries yet it is known that the need will exist during the later part of the budget  xMcycle. Over the years, funds have been used for similar activities which have been well invested in  xzdeveloping new support mechanisms, strengthening Africa Bureau program management, enhancing  x\U.S. policy interests by building indigenous support and for developing fundamental and farreaching  xjeconomic policy reform programs. By the very nature of activities supported, measurable achievements  xare limited as there is a constant need to continue to invest in new and better ways to play a catalytic role in the enhancement of program management.  }K- xDescription: The Africa Bureau funds a number of support activities under this strategic objective  xincluding: a) Program Development and Support, a small reserve ($300,000$1,000,000 annually) to  xdesign, support and/or evaluate program, projects or activities, including pilot activities, where such  xactivities can not be appropriately charged to an individual project or activity and are not directly related  xor linked to programs in a particular country or USAID Mission. Recent examples include studies such  xas an ongoing multidonor study on aid effectiveness in Africa and program design such as related to  xzthe Greater Horn of Africa Initiative and the Leland Initiative for telecommunications linkages in Africa.  xb) Africa Special Self Help Program ($3$5 million annually), which enables USAIDs and U.S.  xAmbassadors (in specifically identified nonUSAID presence countries) to respond quickly and with  xminimal red tape to request from indigenous communities for small(generally $2,000 or less), selfhelp  xactivities which have an immediate impact and will advance U.S. interests. Following a program  xinitiated in 1963 in Latin America, the concept was introduced in Africa toward the end of FY 1992.  xExamples abound including providing sewing machines for a community center for adult vocational  xtraining; providing a brickmaking machine for communities which want to enhance their houses or  x.community buildings; class rooms, books or equipment needed to enable school children to be educated  xin their communities. c) Support for InterAction, a U.S. PVO consortium which brings together U.S.  xand African Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and PVOs on a regular basis to discus Africawide  xissues and lessons learned. A grant of a couple hundred thousand dollars annually provides a critical  xcollaborative mechanism between the NGO community and USAID and among U.S. and African PVOs  xand NGOs. d) Unsolicited Proposal Fund (about $23 million annually) for unsolicited development"h)0*0*0*z+#"ԫ xrelated proposals which initially may not fall under specific bilateral programs but are supportive of  xAgency objectives and U.S. national interests. e) Africa Economic Policy Reform Program ($48 million  xannually), subject to availability of funds) which between 1985 and 1994 has funded 36 economic  x]policy reform programs in 23 African countries, programs which helped bring about critical policy  xjchanges in important areas such as agricultural marketing, girls' education, and supplemental assistance to offset the impact of the devaluation of the West African franc.  }Kx- xHost Country and Other Donors: By the nature of supporting program management rather than  ximplementing country program, there is little measurable correlation with host country and other donors  xsupport, especially where funds are used for precursor activities or program formulation. However, in  x=providing the framework for PVO support, there is the clear expectation that over time the strengthened  x]PVOs will enhance their ability to raise private contributions and to work colloborati