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We should be doing more in Africa, not less. ` ` ` hhhPresident Bill Clinton, October 19, 1995 INTRODUCTION Africa is the "final frontier" of development a complex continent of contrasts: a land of hope and promise, but susceptible to crises; the poorest region on earth, but the last of the world's emerging markets, offering significant returns on investment; and home to the most complex development challenges, but a learning laboratory where USAID has a track record of innovation and successful development programs. Congress recognized the uniqueness of the continent's development challenges in establishing the Development Fund for Africa (DFA) in 1987. This bipartisan effort reflected the conviction that the United States has clear national interests in promoting broadbased, sustainable development in Africa; that aid to the continent is in keeping with America's national values; and that progress can be made as a consequence of a sustained effort. Today, USAID's efforts are making a difference in the lives of millions of Africans. The Agency has focussed resources on the continent's most critical development problems and concentrated assistance in those countries committed to sound economic policies, good governance and democracy. As a consequence of new approaches and the political and economic reforms which have swept across Africa, USAID is achieving results. Just as investments in Latin America and Asia over the past three decades are now reaping returns, USAID's assistance to Africa today is laying the foundation for expansion of U.S. exports and economic growth in the 21st century. However, Africa's progress is fragile and could be reversed unless the United States is prepared to remain engaged on the continent over the coming decade. The Administration is committed to maintaining resource levels to Africa that enable the United States to meet the challenges and seize the opportunities for sustainable development. The Administration's FY 1997 request includes reestablishment of the Development Fund for Africa appropriation to underscore the United States' commitment. This aid which helps promote peace and prosperity for more than a half billion of the world's poorest people, prevents crises in the world's most volatile region, and fuels growth on a continent with tremendous potential costs each American less than a penny a day. It is a caring, cost effective and forwardlooking investment for Africa and for the United States. DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES Africa is the final frontier of development... Africa faces the greatest development challenges of any region of the world. According to the 1995 World Development Report, 22 of the world's 30 poorest countries are in Africa. Great strides have been made in Africa in the past 25 years, but basic socioeconomic indicators show that Africa's need for integrated development assistance is much greater than other continents. There are numerous development challenges which make Africa unique. #d  @;@# Africas Needs Are So Much Greater #\D4P<P# ^ ZZ5555@@@@ ZZ5555@@@@^ @4 #K2P=P#SocioEconomic Indicator@Africa@Latin America@Asia4 GNP per capita4 $520$2950$6204 Life expectancy4 52 yrs69 yrs65 yrs4 Infant mortality4 93/100043/100055/10004 Child mortality4 172/100052/100086/10004 Adult literacy4  50%85%64%4 Primary school enrollment4  67%106%108%4 Secondary school enrollment4 18%45%47%4 Total fertility rate4 6.23.03.14 Annual population growth4 2.9%2.0%1.7%#A\  P>P#4 <DL!#d  @?@# #hxP@7P# HIV/AIDS infection rates are the highest in the world and are still rising in most African countries. The continent is prone to drought because soil conditions are delicate, rainfall is more variable, and there is limited irrigation infrastructure. Because of Africa's agroclimatic diversity, there is no single, dominant food crop, so extensive investments in developing agricultural technology are required to achieve food security. The cost of infrastructure investments is higher than other regions because of Africa's large expanses and low population densities. Still in its first generation after colonization, Africa has limited experience with nationbuilding and modern democratic institutions. The potential for political instability is high because national boundaries drawn by colonial powers do not reflect the continent's tremendous ethnic diversity. Many countries have relatively large military forces which need to be downsized and demobilized, and, in countries like Angola and Mozambique, extensive demining must be done for successful political transitions and sustainable development. The continent is more affected by the volatile world economy, suffering from a longterm downturn in commodity prices and capital movement. Debt is growing at an alarming rate in Africa, and it has a greater impact on Africa's sustainable economic growth than any other region. Despite endless rounds of rescheduling and outright forgiveness by several countries, including the U.S., subSaharan Africa's debt ballooned from $80 billion in 1982 to $210 billion in 1994. Over the same period, external debt as a share of total gross national product (GNP) nearly tripled, to 82% in 1994, compared to 36% in Latin America. The debt burden has a significant impact on the poor; the $13 billion annually repaid by African governments equals more than twice their spending on health and primary education combined. Little U.S. Government official debt remains. However, multilateral debt (including the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and African Development Bank) is the fastest growing component and, because such loans cannot be rescheduled or forgiven, repayments to multilateral institutions are now equivalent to more than half of the World Bank's new loans. U.S. INTERESTS AND PRIORITIES Why are we there? Why should we care? Promoting Africa's development is in the U.S. national interest... ` ` ` We must seize this opportunity for partnership with the countries of Africa because promoting trade and sustainable development in Africa is important for the United States as well as Africa.. ` ` ` hhhPresident Bill Clinton, February 5, 1996 ...USAID is making investments for the future... Assisting Africa is in the national economic interest of the United States. USAID's investments in broadbased economic growth are helping grow markets for American goods and services. The United States is investing in its own economic future, as well as the future of Africa. Experience from both Asia and Latin America clearly demonstrates that the United States benefits directly from the economic expansion which American foreign aid helps fuel. In fact, both the size of Africa's market and the U.S. share are expanding. In 1995, the United States exported goods valued at $5.4 billion to subSaharan Africa, a 22% increase over 1994. This level of trade supports about 100,000 American jobs. Over the past several years, U.S. exports to Africa have actually exceeded total American exports to the New Independent States by 20%. The growth of total African imports has been particularly robust averaging 11% per annum in countries that have pursued sound policies and realized economic growth. The businessoriented Financial Times (London) recently declared Africa to be the "final frontier of the world's emerging markets ...producing dramatic returns" for investors. With a nascent but growing market and a population projected to grow to one billion by the year 2015, Africa has significant potential as a market for U.S. exports. These exports represent tangible benefits to Americans. At current growth rates, Africa would import U.S. goods and services worth $600 per American family in 2025. If the United States makes the investments Africa needs, and African governments continue to implement the kind of sound economic policies that have fueled growth in Asia and Latin America, the return to each American family could be as much as $2,000 annually. These are significant returns on the U.S.'s development assistance investment. They represent potentially millions of new jobs for American children and continued financial health for this nation. ...The United States is practicing preventive diplomacy... The United States also has a strategic and financial interest in assisting Africa to prevent crises before they arise. Although firm foundations for economic growth are being laid, much of Africa is living on the edge. Food security and agriculturalled growth are made tenuous by adverse agroclimatic conditions and volatile world prices for exports of Africa's primary commodities. Ethnically diverse populations thrown together through the colonial occupation and limited experience with modern nationbuilding contribute to political instability. Complex crises can quickly spiral out of control and cause tremendous suffering and loss of life. They can also spill across borders, igniting regional instability. These crises impose heavy burdens on the international community because of the high cost of emergency relief. For example: The United States provided more than $260 million of food and disaster assistance to Sudan between 1983 and 1985. Ten years later, that unresolved crisis continues to require high levels of emergency relief. In FY 1994, Sudan was the largest recipient of American relief aid in Africa. It received almost $95 million of humanitarian aid, far more than the amount of development assistance USAID provides to the best economic performers on the continent. In addition to the loss of American lives, the crisis in Somalia cost the United States more than $1.7 billion (including military costs) between FY 1992 and FY 1994. Because Americans are a compassionate people, the United States will continue to respond with emergency aid to relieve human suffering and address the symptoms of crises. However, as custodians of taxpayers dollars, USAID has a responsibility to look beyond the crises and to invest in development programs that help redress the root causes of crises. To the extent USAID is successful in preventing crises or mitigating their destructive and costly impact, Africa can prosper and the United States saves money. ...and the United States is acting out its national values. USAID's assistance program to Africa also reflects U.S. national values . Americans are a caring people, and this nation is premised on the philosophy that people should have the opportunity to make a better life for themselves. USAID's development assistance programs foster economic and political empowerment; the United States offers a helping hand, not a handout. Nowhere is the justification for foreign aid clearer and more compelling, in terms of U.S. national values, than Africa. It is a program that the American citizen can understand and support. Finally, Africa matters to the United States because there are deep historical and cultural ties to the continent. With about 33 million Americans of African descent, as a nation the United States has a special interest in Africa's development. USAID's assistance program to Africa mirrors U.S. foreign policy objectives. The Administration has five foreign policy goals in Africa: supporting sustainable development; alleviating suffering and hunger; fostering democracy and respect for human rights; promoting peace by preventing and resolving conflict; and increasing American private sector involvement in Africa, as the United States seeks to integrate Africa into the global economy. USAID's assistance program in Africa is one of the principal means of achieving these postCold War foreign policy goals. Through the Development Fund for Africa (DFA), USAID has taken a longerterm approach to Africa's development, systematically addressing the root causes of underdevelopment economic, social and political. The Agency's sustainable development strategy represents an integrated approach to improve the wellbeing of the people of Africa, through: promoting broadbased economic growth with equity , through smallholder agriculture and small enterprises, as well as complementary human development investments in education; stabilizing population growth and improving health conditions; protecting the environment ; fostering democracy and participation in social and economic decisionmaking; and structuring emergency relief to help nations make the transition from crisis to sustainable development. ACHIEVING RESULTS IS USAID MAKING A DIFFERENCE? IS THERE ANY HOPE? Absolutely. Good things are happening in Africa. Political and economic changes have swept the continent in the last few years, enhancing the opportunities for growth and development. Nearly twothirds of the countries in subSaharan Africa are consolidating their democracies after free and fair multiparty elections. Africa's new leaders are committed to broadening participation, and they are pursuing extensive economic restructuring programs, including privatization of stateowned enterprises, reducing government functions and budgets, stabilizing the economy, and deregulating so that the private sector can expand. U.S. development assistance is critical to the successful political and economic transformations taking place across Africa. USAID is making a difference. Results are being achieved because American assistance is well focussed and well managed. USAID is making progress in promoting broadbased economic growth... ...through smallholder agriculture... In Ethiopia , USAID is creatively integrating development assistance (DA) and P.L. 480 Title III food resources to decontrol and unleash the rural economy. Transportation has been liberalized so that the private sector is now providing more transportation to market crops and at a lower price. As USAID also pushed for decontrolling fertilizer and expanded smallholder credit, fertilizer use has progressively increased, enabling small farmers to earn more money and helping Ethiopia produce its largest harvest in recent history. State monopolies on distribution and sale of basic food grains have also been eliminated, with the parastatal marketing board's market share declining from 40% to less than 4% and 83 retail stores privatized. Consequently, farmers are getting better prices for their products and consumer prices are more stable. Food security has increased significantly in Ethiopia through USAID's efforts. USAID is providing critical assistance to increase rice production and marketing in Senegal , again combining DA and Title III to enhance impact. Through new technologies which USAID helped develop and introduce, land under rice cultivation expanded 20% and rice yields increased more than 20%. At the same time, some farmers have been able to start "double cropping" and others, especially women small farmers, are diversifying in higher value cash crops. USAID encouraged the Government of Senegal (GOS) to permit private importation and headtohead competition with the rice marketing parastatal. Because the private sector was so much more efficient, the domestic retail price of rice declined and the GOS decided to liquidate all rice production and marketing parastatals. Zambia , backed by USAID assistance, has liberalized its maize market, eliminated subsidies and decontrolled prices, resulting in new economic opportunities. One enterprising high school student started by buying one bag of maize from a surplus area and transporting it on his bicycle to a market in a drought area. He is now moving maize between districts, renting transport on large, 10ton trucks. He has parlayed his initial investment of $8.50 into a total gross sales revenue of $574. As he has responded to free market incentives, this enterprising young Zambian increased his own income, while providing a valuable service to people in fooddeficit areas. As a direct result of USAID's Grain Marketing Reform Program in Zimbabwe , over 15,000 micro mills have sprung up, creating some 40,000 new jobs. At the same time, the price of corn, the country's staple, has dropped 20%; this directly benefits household food security and provides critical savings since poor Zimbabweans spend up to 70% of their income on food. USAID's partnership with the International Rice Research Institute and the Malagasy Agricultural Research Institute in Madagascar has produced new rice varieties which double yields without fertilizer and which achieve 300%400% increases with fertilizer. Nine new varieties of rice, suited for various situations, were released last year alone. Such advancements directly increase farmer income and improve both household and national food security. ...through small enterprises... USAID's private sector projects encourage private investment and growth of the economy and generate income for Africans, typically through a combination of economic policy and financial sector reforms, provision of credit and business advisory services, and training of local entrepreneurs. There has been an exciting expansion of microenterprises in Guinea through USAID support. Honey production has increased 800%, and onion marketing in 1995 jumped 1,300%. Twothirds of the microenterprises that have received USAIDfunded loans are owned and operated by women, and the repayment rate on loans is 100%. Most significantly, the program participants' assets have doubled, and they are generating thousands of new jobs as their small businesses expand. In Guinea Bissau , in just two years, a vibrant market of cashew production and exportation has been developed with USAID help. Policy reforms have allowed a substantial increase in the number of small exporters, and USAIDfunded technical assistance has improved domestic processing of cashews, with women being the primary beneficiaries. USAID has achieved notable success in several countries in promoting nontraditional exports (NTEs) which benefit small producers and private enterprises, through policy reform and direct support. In Uganda , in just three years since inception, the flower industry is now exporting over $5 million annually and is poised for exponential growth. In Madagascar , exports of geranium oil, the key ingredient in the modern perfume industry, have doubled, and sales of other NTEs like spices and medicinal plants also are rising significantly. These investments are critical at several different levels, as they create new jobs, put money into poor people's pockets, and diversify African economies so that sustainable growth can be achieved. ...through rural infrastructure... In Guinea , USAID is helping stimulate agriculture production and increase small farmer income through a highly successful rural roads program. More than 760 kilometers (about 475 miles) have been built, cutting in half the transport costs and transport time and expanding the availability of goods. In Uganda , P.L. 480 Title III resources have helped rehabilitate 800 kilometers (about 500 miles) of rural feeder roads, similarly reducing transportation costs and time. ...and through human development... Strengthening Africa's work force through improved health and better education is key to promoting broadbased economic growth. Excellent progress has been made in improving child survival . Working in concert with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and other donors to strengthen health service delivery systems, USAID support for expanded immunization and use of oral rehydration therapy is estimated to be saving the lives of 800,000 African children each year. Just two years after project implementation, USAID's basic education program in Uganda has tackled the tough underlying constraints to rebuilding Uganda's shattered education system through policy conditionality and project assistance. Over two million children and 75,000 teachers have benefited by the reforms in primary education that came about as a result of USAID's program. The bloated teacher payroll has been reduced, and teachers' salaries are steadily improving. Implementation of staff controls has increased teacher accountability, improved school and classroom management, increased community participation, boosted student enrollment, and increased the proportion of trained teachers. USAID has provided assistance to a program of interactive radio lessons in South Africa called "English in Action." The radio lessons and companion classroom materials are produced by the Open Learning Systems Educational Trust for pilot programs in four provinces. Students now using the daily lessons in these regions have tested significantly higher on skills tests than students in comparison groups. A teacher from Tsiitsibogo Public School speaks for her colleagues, saying: "In more than 30 years of teaching, I have never come across something so good as this." USAID is making progress in stabilizing population growth. Many African countries are on the brink of a demographic transition. As the leading donor in family planning, USAID has been instrumental in these changes. Probably one of the most dramatic examples of a demographic transition that has ever been recorded is happening in Kenya . Total fertility ratesthe number of children a woman could be expected to bear in her lifetimedropped from 8.1 in 1977 to 5.4 in 1993. This historic drop in fertility is due mainly to increased use of modern methods of contraception. Dramatic progress also has been made in Zimbabwe , where USAID is the largest donor by far in family planning; total fertility has decreased from 6.5 in 1984 to 5.5 in 1988 to 4.4 in 1994. Even though infant, child and maternal mortality rates in Guinea are among the highest in the world, the population is rising rapidly with a fertility rate of 6.0 children per woman. As a result of USAID support for improved policies, the government has adopted a national population policy and developed a Family Code that promotes reduced fertility. USAID support for contraceptive marketing activities has led to a significant increase in the acceptance and use of family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention methods. Family planning services have been installed in twothirds of the USAIDsupported national health care centers and hospitals, providing over 30,000 couples with access to modern contraceptives. USAID is making progress in protecting the environment . Natural resources remain the foundation for economic growth in Africa. Across the region, USAID has invested heavily in innovative, communitybased, natural resource management programs that raise rural incomes, protect the environment, and strengthen the role of communities in the economic and political life of their societies. USAID's support for communitybased management of wildlife in Southern Africa , for example, has helped to shape a biodiversity conservation strategy with global applications. Through demonstration activities and policy dialogue with the Government of Senegal , USAID has helped institute a new forestry code. As a result of the reforms, farmers now have the right to make forestry land management decisions, and an increasing number of communities have established woodlots for the sale of fuelwood and poles for construction. USAID also is promoting land reclamation through two very successful programs. In the south, antisalt and water retention dikes have led to a 20% increase in cultivated land. In the north, encroaching sand dunes have been stabilized through treeplanting funded with Title III resources; other donors expanded on USAID's success so that, today, the entire northern coast covering 4,000 hectares has been reforested and is now Senegal's primary vegetable production zone. Across the continent, USAID is developing African capacity to monitor environmental change and building famine early warning systems. In Malawi , to complement its agriculture diversification efforts, USAID helped developed a sophisticated geographic information system (GIS) so that the government could monitor, evaluate and mitigate, as necessary, the environmental impacts of new cropping patterns. USAID is making progress in fostering democracy and participation. During the past several years, promotion of good democratic governance has become an integral theme in the Agency's sustainable development programs throughout Africa. USAID has provided important assistance to the peaceful transition to and consolidation of democratic states and societies. While the sweeping political changes and democracy are an African phenomenon, coming from deep within a population tired of corrupt, dictatorial and ineffective authoritarian regimes, the United States has helped support the transformation. USAID has helped to empower ordinary Africans to add their voices to the process. Even in difficult circumstances, democracy is prevailing. Participatory approaches are paying dividends. Mali has been steadfast in transforming itself into a stable democracy, even as other African countries have faltered. A March 1996 Washington Post article stated: "...Mali's move to permit the media free rein defies a trend throughout Africa,...Perhaps most important, Mali's government...has stepped away from oppressive economic policies employed by previous regimes." USAID has contributed to Mali's successes in democratic governance by funding civic education training and sponsoring seminars to improve financial management of municipalities, which helped one city to increase its revenues by 400%. USAID has helped Mali's President communicate his vision of a decentralized democratic system to the population. The first three administrative courts became functional with USAIDs help, and a media campaign has been launched to help Malians use the new courts effectively. USAID has supported, through the Human Rights Fund, activities by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and associations in judicial reform, legal assistance, media professionalization, and the fight against female genital mutilation and discrimination against women. After the horrific events of 1994 in Rwanda , there have been positive changes in the legal system which bode well for the future. Increased political will on the part of the government is now present to effect changes in the legal system. USAID and other donors have provided technical assistance to help Rwandans start to rebuild a nonfunctioning legal system and to develop strategies for the inquiry commissions to cope fairly with 50,000 genocide prisoners. These will permit genocide cases to be dealt with either by trial or pleabargaining.In Africa, USAID's focus on participatory approaches is paying dividends. In Zambia , USAID encouraged participation in a child health project design by requesting advice from all levels the Ministry of Health, other donors, NGOs, mothers and community health workers. Zambia's health sector reform is now at the forefront, prompting a highlevel Ministry of Health official to state: "We are pleased with the participatory process. USAID has gone from not being involved at all in the health reform process to taking a leadership role." In Uganda , USAID has supported the politically sensitive demobilization of 37,000 military personnel between 1992 and 1995, reducing the size of the army by approximately 40%. In Ghana , USAID supported the registration of 9.1 million or 91% of the eligible voters for presidential and parliamentary elections to be held in November 1996. Accountable, democratic governments are less likely to collapse into crisis. They are also less likely to be corrupt and more likely to pursue sound economic policies and broadbased, sustainable development. Similar to efforts here at home to reinvent government, USAID is helping Africa's new leaders make their governments smaller and more effective and give power back to the people, through: civil service reform and reductions; budget reductions and reallocations; privatization; deregulation; and decentralization. And, USAID is making progress in preventing crises. The United States has played an important role in averting natural disasters, facilitating peaceful political transitions and rebuilding countries decimated by civil war. Several clear successes in averting natural disasters stand out. First, following the Sahel famine of the early 1970s, African states and donors organized a famine early warning system, developed more droughtresistant grains, and liberalized agricultural markets. These investments have helped avert disaster in the arid, droughtprone Sahel in the two decades since. Secondly, the drought that hit Southern Africa this past year may have been as bad as the 199192 drought when the U.S. provided over $800 million of emergency aid. In sharp contrast, this time around the countries of the region managed without emergency donor food aid because of new, droughtresistant varieties of maize, millet and sorghum developed with USAID support and more efficient and open agricultural markets promoted by USAID. Thirdly, in the Greater Horn of Africa last year, coordinated assessments and actions helped avert any major food shortages. The United States, with the host countries and major donors in the Horn, has developed a regional initiative to redress the root causes of food insecurity and instability. The United States played a critical role in facilitating a number of peaceful political transitions which had the potential for political instability and crisis, including: South Africa, Malawi, Zambia, Benin and Mali. Furthermore, Uganda, Mozambique and Ethiopia offer hope as countries which have been brought back from the brink of selfdestruction through successful political transitions, economic stabilization, and initial growth which American efforts supported. The United States also has funded the demining of roads and the countryside in Angola to enable refugees to return home and to facilitate economic recovery. Mozambique: A Transition Success Story Ten years ago, Mozambique was a failed state, bankrupt, slipping into chaos and selfdestruction as a consequence of civil war and Marxist policies. Today, that country has moved beyond crisis. Although daunting challenges remain, a fundamental political and economic transformation is taking place as a consequence of American leadership and effective assistance. A decade ago, the situation in Mozambique was disastrous. The human suffering was almost incomprehensible. Countless thousands were dying as a result of the war. More than 1.6 million people had fled the country and nearly four million were displaced, fearful for their security and in search of food and survival. Overall life expectancy was and remains one of the lowest in the world (44 years). More than one child in four never reached the age of five. The protracted civil war had decimated the economy and food security. Per capita GNP declined 3.6% on average each year between 1980 and 1992, and food production per capita fell on average 2.1% annually. Beginning in the late 1980s, the United States led a concerted effort to foster peace and stability and to start rebuilding the economic fabric and infrastructure of Mozambique. Working in concert with other governments, the U.S. provided leadership in forging a peace process, first a cessation of fullscale hostility, then the opening of a dialogue between the warring sides and, finally, the signing of peace accords in 1992. For years, the United States provided relief aid for refugees in surrounding countries, and USAID worked through a network of private voluntary organizations (PVOs) World Vision, CARE, Food for the Hungry, Caritas and many more to provide emergency aid to those suffering within Mozambique. With the signing of the peace accords, USAID assistance was redirected toward rehabilitation and recovery and has made a significant contribution in the transition to democracy and development. The United States supported the demobilization of more than 90,000 troops 88% of those under arms at the time of the peace agreement and helped reintegrate them into civilian life by providing farm supplies and jobs training. USAID funded the clearing of landmines and the rehabilitation of 2,000 kilometers of rural roads, which opened areas of the country that were inaccessible for years and enabled more than 80% of those internally displaced and almost all refugees to return to their homes. USAID provided seeds and tools to over 2.5 million people to enable them to resume productive lives. More than 1.5 million Mozambicans are receiving essential drugs under USAID's primary health care strengthening program, and almost half a million people now have access to safe water through USAIDfunded PVO efforts. For the country's firstever multiparty elections, USAID funded the training of election officials, civic education programs, and transportation support for registration and voting. This assistance helped produce what the U.N. Secretary General's Special Representative called "the best elections ever held in an African country." A total of 6.4 million Mozambicans, over 80% of the estimated votingage population, registered to vote, and 85% of those registered actually voted in the presidential and legislative election. USAID helped the new government turn from a socialist, statedirected economy to a freemarket. The Agency's programs and policy dialogue helped end price and marketing controls, and they made possible increased maize production and the development of a nascent private sector. USAID support for decentralization and building civil society also has allowed the growth of political parties and hundreds of voluntary associations. Clearly, Mozambique still has a long road to travel to achieve a fullfledged democracy, a completely open economy, and peace and prosperity. But the country is now on the right road. The political situation is stable, and growth has rebounded in the postwar period a solid 5.4% gross domestic product (GDP) growth in 1994. The government still faces key challenges in deepening democracy and strengthening economic policymaking. Nonetheless, the United States played an invaluable role in Mozambique's transformation. Mozambique also illustrates that successful development saves money. Between 1987 and 1993, the United States provided a total of $373.3 million of humanitarian assistance to Mozambique, on average $53.3 million annually during that sevenyear period. In FY 1994, this fell to $25 million; no nonfood disaster assistance was required in FY 1995. Botswana A Graduation Success Story In September 1995, Botswana was "graduated" from U.S. development assistance the first African country to achieve a sustainable level of development. Over the course of 30 years, USAID made important contributions to the economic and social advancement of that country, including strengthening the voice of private enterprise, enhancing environmental management, slowing the population growth rate, and improving basic education and training. USAID has stimulated private sectorled growth and development. The Botswana Private Enterprise Development project generated investment totaling $43.6 million in 1993 and $29.6 million in 1994 ten times the amount of U.S. concessional aid. The project helped generate 3,886 new jobs in 1993 and 2,663 more in 1994. Moreover, USAID efforts to strengthen the local chamber of commerce enabled it to take a strong policy advocacy role on issues of importance to the private sector. With USAID support, the Government of Botswana has taken a bold approach to wildlife and land management by placing direct control over the resources in the hands of the local community. The response has been tremendous as local populations now have economic incentives to protect their natural resources rather than exploit them. Botswana has the second highest contraceptive prevalence rate (33%) and second lowest total fertility rate in Africa (5.0), as a direct result of USAID's leadership and sustained assistance to family planning. USAID also has strengthened primary health care delivery through establishing nursing education programs and forging an integrated delivery of maternal and child health and family planning services. USAID's efforts to increase access and quality of basic education have made the country's public school system an African showcase. Over a tenyear period, the number of primary schools increased 42%, while enrollment expanded 62%. USAID supported development of a new curriculum, and over 80% of the country's educators have been trained at various teacher training colleges constructed and equipped by the United States. Primary and junior secondary school enrollment is more than 90% and adult literacy is over 80%, far above any other country in Africa. The Agency believes this type of success story can be replicated elsewhere on the continent. Towards this end, USAID is formulating accelerated development strategies for several other African countries to enable them to graduate from U.S. assistance over