ANGOLA

	FY 1998 Actual	FY 1999 Estimate	FY 2000 Request
Development Assistance	$8,300,000	$8,500,000	---
Development Fund for Africa	---	---	$4,500,000
Child Survival and Disease	$4,700,000	$2,700,000	$4,500,000
Economic Support Funds	$5,000,000	---	---
P.L. 480 Title II	$32,736,000	$22,000	$7,455,000

Introduction.

Angola remains in the throes of a complex and delicate transition from war to peace. U.S. national interests in Angola are in the consolidation of peace, a successful democratic transition, the promotion of U.S. economic interests and Angola's meaningful economic integration into the region. Currently, the U.S. obtains nearly 7% of its petroleum from Angola; this level is expected to increase to 10% within eight years. Angola is the United States' second largest investment site in sub-Saharan Africa, with over $4 billion invested to date. With increased stability, Angola will play a more significant role in the southern African economy, which is expected to be an engine of growth for the continent. Without internal stability, large quantities of food and/or other forms of humanitarian assistance may be required.

The Development Challenge.

In 1994, the Lusaka Protocol was signed and Angola emerged from over 20 years of fighting with 500,000 dead, 3.5 million internally displaced persons, and more than 300,000 refugees in neighboring countries. Millions of land mines had been laid, most of the country's infrastructure was destroyed, and the economy largely collapsed. What few civil society organizations remained were weak and ineffective.

Four years later, the expected peace and prosperity has not yet been fully realized. Renewed conflict in some parts of the country between the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the Government of the Republic of Angola (GRA) is creating additional internally displaced persons, particularly in rural areas. This reverses the progress that had been achieved between 1996 and 1998 through the emergency humanitarian assistance provided by the international community. Angola's nascent democracy remains fragile and imperfect. This climate of national emergency has led to the increased centralization of GRA authority. Nevertheless, the revitalization of civil society continues despite the renewed conflict, albeit at a slower pace than in the 1997-98 period. Angolans have begun to recognize the need to network for more effective representation of their interests before the government. Thus Angola's transition continues.

Other Donors.

The World Bank, the European Union and the U.N. specialized agencies are the leading multilateral donors. The United States is the largest bilateral donor. At present, the U.S. government channels its humanitarian assistance through U.S. private voluntary organizations (PVOs) and universities, international organizations and U.N. specialized agencies. Residual emergency food assistance is now being channeled through the World Food Program, but if the new crisis deepens, the United States may become more directly involved in food distribution programs.

FY 2000 Program.

The FY 2000 program addresses the following USAID goals: providing humanitarian assistance, encouraging agricultural development, protecting human health, and strengthening democracy and good governance. The current level of conflict makes it difficult to describe with great precision the FY 2000 program, particularly the level of emergency assistance activities that may be needed to address the plight of affected Angolans. Historically, however, even during periods of instability, non-emergency activities have been successfully implemented. With some modifications and geographic retargeting, the USAID program can still be expected to achieve results in health and democracy/governance. Moreover, the program will remain flexible enough to respond to new assistance requests as needed.

Activities in food production will include assistance for seed multiplication, trials of improved varieties, and better post-harvest storage practices. Child survival activities will include immunizations for children and training of health workers and communities in topics such as nutrition and sanitation. Mine awareness education, assistance to vulnerable groups including war-traumatized children, and prosthetics for land mine victims will also go forward. Modifications to activities will be made on a case-by-case basis, depending upon the extent of the conflict. Emergency measures to assist newly displaced persons, now numbering over 500,000, will most likely be required for the year 2000.

USAID's democracy and governance portfolio will continue to focus on civil society through the strengthening of NGOs and the media. Most of these programs are implemented in Luanda or safe provincial capitals. USAID plans to continue supporting local administration, and such institutions as political parties and the National Assembly. Support for human rights, especially those of women, will continue. In light of the conflict, USAID may develop reconciliation activities to respond to new needs. The democracy portfolio will help build foundations for future elections.

While most of the program will continue to be implemented through U.S. and international NGOs, USAID will explore opportunities to help the government build its institutional capacity to provide social services in those areas for which program performance can be monitored effectively. The GRA requires international oil companies working in Angola to provide "Social Responsibility Funds" for community development activities; USAID will continue discussions with the oil companies on joint implementation of activities through these funds.

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ANGOLA

FY 2000 PROGRAM SUMMARY
(in thousands of dollars)

USAID Mission Director, James Anderson

USAID Strategic & Special Objectives	Economic Growth & Agriculture	Population & Health	Environment	Democracy	Human Capacity Developmnt	Humanitarian Assistance	TOTALS
S.O. 1. Increased Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Food Crop Self Reliance of War-affected Angolan Communities - DFA - CS - P.L. 480/II	1,100 --- ---	--- 4,500 ---	400 --- ---	--- --- ---	--- --- ---	--- --- 7,455	1,500 4,500 7,455
S.O. 2. Strengthened Democratic and Political Institutions - DFA	---	---	---	3,000	---	---	3,000
Totals - DFA - CS - P.L. 480/II	1,100 --- ---	--- 4,500 ---	400 --- ---	3,000 --- ---	--- --- ---	--- --- 7,455	4,500 4,500 7,455

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: ANGOLA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Food-Crop Self-Reliance of War-Torn Angolan Communities, 654-SO01
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $1,500,000 DFA; $4,500,000 CS; $7,455,000 P.L. 480 Title II
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: 2000

Summary: USAID's assistance to post-war Angola began in 1995 with a strictly emergency, humanitarian focus. As stability began to return to Angola in 1997 and the prospects for lasting peace improved, USAID's activities expanded to include non-emergency humanitarian assistance. These transitional activities targeted food security and child survival, and were concentrated in the Planalto region (high need, high population, high impact). In many cases, these were natural extensions of emergency activities, and took advantage of existing infrastructure. In addition to resettled persons, beneficiaries include vulnerable groups affected by the war, such as traumatized children and land mine victims in need of prosthetics. The food security activities underway aim to increase production, improve farming techniques, and reduce constraints on farmers. The child survival activities will improve local health centers' ability to respond to needs of isolated rural populations, provide immunizations and vitamin A to children, and strengthen preventive efforts that will reduce demands on an over-extended health system.

Key Results: Key intermediate results include: (1) Increased levels of food security in communities with significant resettled populations; (2) Improved health status in areas covered by NGO partner programs; and (3) Rehabilitation of war victims and other vulnerable groups.

Performance and Prospects: Through September 1998, USAID's implementing partners, mostly U.S. PVOs, reported that implementation remained on track. Of the 108,000 internally displaced persons receiving assistance from Catholic Relief Services in one province, 62,386 returned to their home communities, 28,257 were resettled in other nearby communities, and 17,357 will be further assisted by the World Food Program and an Angolan NGO. The Christian Children's Fund was able to reunite about 52% of its targeted population of demobilized child soldiers with their families. A seed distribution program implemented by CARE reached over 100% of the target beneficiaries. Its vegetable seed program, which reintroduced seeds that had not been available for 15 years, exceeded targets by 50%. Africare distributed 60-pound kits of basic crop seeds and essential hand tools to 4,000 farmers, and provided complementary, community-based, practical training. Africare also trained public health assistants and technicians who vaccinated 155,400 women and children and reached over 48,000 Angolans with health and nutrition education. Three new child survival grants were signed in September 1998, and implementation has begun.

With the return of hostilities between government and UNITA forces in December 1998, the movement of the entire international community away from emergency support and into rehabilitation activities could be in jeopardy. USAID and its partners had planned to undertake longer-term food security programs. Now USAID may once again be compelled to focus resources on emergency humanitarian relief. To the extent possible, however, USAID still will undertake transitional food production and child survival activities in those geographic zones not affected by the fighting, including areas that have received an influx of displaced persons.

Possible Adjustments to Plans: Several options are under consideration to concentrate future resources in geographic zones of greater stability to protect prior investments and ensure that USAID can meet its targets. The extent of the modifications required will depend upon the length and intensity of the conflict. If the conflict remains localized, USAID will redirect non-emergency activities towards stable regions. If the conflict intensifies, USAID will develop new emergency activities to address humanitarian needs.

Other Donor Programs: Sweden and Norway are among the leading bilateral donors providing assistance to Angola. Many donors are involved in emergency activities, with the World Food Program and the U.N. Humanitarian Assistance Coordination Unit as the main partners. Of the approximately $56 million raised by the 1998 U.N. consolidated appeal, the United States contributed about $30 million. The European Union and UNICEF are strong supporters of child survival activities and other health programs in Angola.

Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID funds the activities of key U.S. and international organizations including Africare, Christian Children's Fund, Catholic Relief Services, CARE, Save the Children, Norwegian People's Aid, UNICEF, World Vision, Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, and the World Food Program.

Selected Performance Measures:

*Funding for these activities has ended and the targets listed are for 1999.

	Baseline (1996)	Target (2000)
Angola Regional Rehabilitation Project: - Prosthetics fitted - Mobility aids produced - Wheelchairs produced	0 0 0	1,070 500 240
*Number of Food for Work infrastructure projects completed	171	616
Kilometers of roads maintained	764	1,730
*Resettlement Activities: - Child soldiers assisted with reintegration	97	1,621

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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET

PROGRAM: ANGOLA
TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased National Reconciliation through Strengthened Democratic and Political Institutions, 654-SO02
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $3,000,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: 2000

Summary: USAID recognizes that the development of a more open and participatory political system is a pre-condition for Angola's emergence from the anarchy of the past 35 years. The prolonged conflict had prevented Angolans from working together toward common objectives and left political and civil society institutions extremely weak. USAID thus initiated a set of activities designed to promote the development of stable, efficient formal institutions, including strengthening Parliament and political parties. Activities were also developed to strengthen civil society institutions, prevent human rights abuses, and promote a free and democratic press, intending to facilitate Angola's successful transition to peace and prosperity. Together, these interventions have aimed to strengthen the skills of the political leadership and ordinary citizens to support the creation of a free and democratic political system. USAID assistance, provided through U.S. PVOs and universities, ranges from training community-based organizations in rural areas to implementing civic education and human rights programs and to addressing needs of such government institutions as the legislature and political parties.

Key Results: The expected intermediate results include: (1) Creating reconciliation opportunities among diverse groups of Angolans; (2) Citizens exercising their democratic rights and responsibilities; (3) Accountable governance within Parliament and three provincial administrations; and (4) Strengthened foundation for the participation of citizens and political parties in free, fair and peaceful elections.

Performance and Prospects: USAID has made progress on its democracy/governance (D/G) work with grassroots organizations and civil society. Given the weakness of civil society in Angola, USAID has focused on training local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) in organizational and leadership skills. A first round of 18 NGOs completed their training in 1998 under a grant to the U.S. PVO PACT. A second group of 18 began training in November 1998; their trainers include some of the previously-trained NGO leaders. Initial evaluation results are encouraging, demonstrating significant management improvements among the trained NGOs. Human rights training by the U.S. PVO World Learning continues, while an Angolan NGO has been teaching women farm workers to organize to defend their rights. Applications from NGOs for human rights training have increased by 50% since 1997. The Mississippi Consortium for International Development signed an agreement with the Ministry of Education to include civic education topics in its training for primary school teachers. USAID also is training NGOs to integrate women's needs into their programs more effectively.

Because of the civil war, Angolan civil society has been isolated from its neighbors and their experiences. During this past year, USAID organized an exchange with NGO communities in Mozambique. Angolan delegates to Mozambique gathered ideas on how to energize civil society, and signed agreements with Mozambican civil society organizations, journalists, and children's rights groups to continue their collaboration. USAID also sponsored a workshop to enable Angolan NGOs to participate in the USAID-funded Southern Africa Regional Democracy Fund.

Assistance to the legislature also got off to a promising start in 1997 and 1998. The International Republican Institute (IRI) conducted the first-ever parliamentary training program for the National Assembly; 160 out of the 220 members participated. In addition, IRI provided training to over 200 national party leaders and activists. The National Democratic Institute administered three seminars to strengthen the capacity of local and provincial administrators to respond to needs of their communities; these seminars were widely attended and acclaimed by the local press. New challenges are anticipated in 1999, as the factional split in the UNITA delegation to the National Assembly may make it more difficult for the legislature to leverage a greater share of power from the executive branch.

Possible Adjustments to Plans: Most of the democracy and governance activities are organized in Luanda with participants from around the country, and thus are expected to continue. Human rights training will also continue as planned. However, some of the plans to implement activities in areas beyond the capital may not materialize because of insecurity in certain provinces. Further, municipal elections envisioned for 1999 have been postponed, thus the support intended for this event also will be deferred. The focus on the legislature and strengthening political party development may change in light of the weakened role of the National Assembly and the renewed conflict. The emphasis of USAID assistance may move to constituent relations or organizational development, investments that will prove valuable when peace finally comes to Angola.

Other Donor Programs: USAID remains the lead donor in D/G activities in Angola. Donor coordination has been particularly strong in this sector. The United States and Sweden spearheaded a donor roundtable in 1998, at which ideas were exchanged on innovative approaches to preventing human rights abuses, techniques to bolster women's power in political processes, and the organization of grassroots party support. The meeting was attended by eleven bilateral and multilateral donors as well as several NGOs. Sweden has provided funding for democracy and governance activities, while the UN provides assistance for human rights activities. A donor coordination group on gender equity was recently initiated; this group will share information, pool resources, and monitor gender related activities.

Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: The National Democratic Institute, PACT, International Republican Institute, Voice of America, World Learning, Mississippi Consortium for International Development, America's Development Foundation.

Selected Performance Measures:

	Baseline (1996)	Target (2000)
NGOs Strengthening Project: - NGOs with increased management and administrative capacity - NGO public information campaigns begun - NGOs with long-term partnerships with business, government, or other NGOs	0 0 0	50 10 60
Other Activity: - Media practitioners strengthened	63	200

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