USAID CP FY2000: Africa Regional Program

AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAM

FY 1998
Actual FY 1999
Estimate FY 2000
Request

Development Assistance $45,884,000 $97,699,000 ---

Development Fund for Africa --- --- $118,295,000

Child Survival and Disease $52,886,000 $53,317,000 $39,060,000

Economic Support Fund $8,320,000 $25,000,000 $60,500,000

P.L. 480 Title II $163,951,000 $103,520,000 $18,599,000

Introduction.
The Africa Regional Program provides Africa-specific technical expertise to support bilateral program development, addresses issues which are transnational (sub-regional or continent-wide), and supports the work of USAID central bureaus when a geographic focus is necessary. The program also involves work with host country government officials, African nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, and other donors. Program objectives have been developed within the context of current U.S. national interests in Africa, and contribute to all Agency goals. The United States has a strong interest in supporting transformations taking place in African economies, political systems, and human resource development. A healthy, prosperous, and free Africa will have a beneficial effect on the U.S. economy, will provide more effective partnerships to combat global environmental and health threats, will reduce U.S. requirements to provide humanitarian funds in response to crises, and will create greater political stability.
The Development Challenge.
The Regional Program addresses a variety of sector-specific development challenges for accelerating sustainable and equitable economic growth in Africa through:

trade promotion;
providing health services in more sustainable, efficient, and productive ways;
improving agricultural and natural resource management techniques to increase income earning opportunities, and making sure that development activities are environmentally sound;
improving sustainability, equity and quality of basic education and family planning services;
increasing the use of information technology; eradicating polio;
identifying cost-effective ways to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS; and
preventing and mitigating man-made and natural crises.

Within these areas, the program often includes common themes: (1) developing the capacity of Africans in designing and managing their own programs; (2) maintaining a focus on sustainability; (3) identifying and utilizing cross-sectoral linkages to increase program performance; and (4) establishing partnerships - African, other international, and U.S. - both to maximize the effectiveness of USAID resources. In its support to USAID bilateral missions and African governmental and nongovernmental organizations, the Regional Program works with its partners to develop targeted policies, programs and strategies which are based on continent-wide experience and on identification of sector-specific issues important to African development. The program focuses on improving understanding of the dynamics of development and the effectiveness of USAID programs in Africa, and using this greater understanding to improve the effectiveness of all development resources going into Africa. The program also manages or helps to manage Africa-wide Agency initiatives, such as polio eradication, the child survival initiative, the trade and development initiative, the Education for Development and Democracy Initiative, and the Africa Food Security Initiative.
Other Donors.
USAID continues to work with a number of international and bilateral donors. Notable among international donors are the World Bank, the European Union, the United Nations Children's Fund, and the World Health Organization's African Regional Office. Bilateral donors include Japan, Canada, Britain, Germany and the Scandinavians.
FY 2000 Program.
USAID has developed a number of Africa regional activities to supplement bilateral programs for three reasons: (1) To provide assistance in a more cost-effective way by maximizing economies of scale; (2) to support and strengthen pan-African and in some cases, sub-regional African institutions which can not be supported through bilateral programs; and (3) to respond quickly and catalytically to new development challenges. The program itself comprises three kinds of activities in the sectors where it works: First, it provides policy-relevant information and helps African countries and their partners use this information to improve the policies, programs and strategies required for sustainable development. Second, it builds the capacity of Africa to manage its own development. Third, it assists African countries and institutions to build more effective regional interaction to increase economic and technical cooperation.
Economic Growth and Agricultural Development: Central to USAID efforts will be managing the USAID portion of the President Clinton's Partnership for Economic Growth and Opportunity (the African Trade and Investment Program). The Regional Program will help design and develop activities to support increased trade and development by and in African countries. For example, it will strengthen ties between the West African Enterprise Network, the most dynamic group of entrepreneurs in Africa, and the American business community, thus increasing opportunities for joint ventures. It will also support a number of technical assistance activities intended to help African countries open their trading systems and improve the environment for private investment.
The program also will strengthen agriculture in Africa, including activities related to the African Food Security Initiative. In agriculture, the program will focus on three areas: (1) increasing technology development by expanding the existing sub-regional networks of scientists; (2) developing institutional solutions for existing market problems which limit farmer access to inputs; and (3) increasing the nutritional impact of agriculture and micronutrient activities. Finally, USAID will continue to expand the reach of the Leland Initiative, providing expanded internet connectivity to selected African countries.
Population and Health: USAID improves the effectiveness and sustainability of population and health programs in Africa. Working with regional institutions like the World Health Organization's Africa Regional Office (WHO/AFRO), the Regional Program is improving disease control throughout Africa, in particular malaria and immunization activities including polio eradication. It also works with WHO/AFRO and other multi-lateral organizations to strengthen national and regional technical and operational capacities, including surveillance networks for infectious diseases and infrastructures for early warning of and rapid response to infectious disease threats. Activities include: determining cost-effective mechanisms for HIV/AIDS prevention; developing new malaria treatment strategies; strengthening capacity to eradicate polio; developing cost-effective strategies for tuberculosis treatment; and strengthening women's legal rights to help combat HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancies.
Environment: USAID provides solutions to Africa's environmental challenges by supporting increased local control over community resources and the continued development of improved resource-conserving, cost-effective technologies. Strengthening African capacities in these areas is the centerpiece of the Regional Program. Global climate change and conservation of Africa's tropical rain forest are examples of subregional challenges that require a regional solutions. The Africa Bureau's Central African Regional Program for the Environment provides the information needed to protect one of the world's last major rain forests that will impact on climate change. Moreover, the program plans to increase USAID's understanding of two major environmental problems Africa will face in the next century -- managing a limited water resource and dealing with environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization.
Democracy and Governance: The dramatic transition toward democracy in Africa is both breath-taking and fragile. More than half of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa now have or are moving toward improved democratic governance. There are more free and fair elections, greater press freedoms, legislatures more independent from executive branches, and greater decentralization of governmental power. The Regional Program will focus on two important aspects of democracy and good governance -- decentralization and the development of civil society. By examining various country experiences, analyzing data and disseminating results, USAID will help strengthen existing and new programs in health, education, environment and other sectors through more effective decentralization, greater community participation and improved advocacy by civil society.
Human Capacity: The Regional Program supports the development of education reform programs in Africa, and through continuous monitoring and evaluation, along with other donors and African educators through the Association for the Development of Education in Africa, develops new techniques for strengthening field program performance. In FY 2000, the program will concentrate more on working with U.S. universities and foundations to strengthen the linkages between African institutions of higher learning and those of the United States. Through the Leland Initiative, distance learning techniques and greater use of the Internet for education will be promoted.
A key program in this sector will be the Education for Development and Democracy Initiative (EDDI). This program seeks to improve African education by combining U.S. experience, resources and skills with those of African educational institutions. The Initiative will strengthen U.S. - African partnerships and partnerships among Africans that link governments, educational institutions, private corporations and civil society to improve the quality of education. Project activities will be available at all levels of public education with a focus on girls and women, and will include civic education as well as skills training for professionals such as judges, parliamentarians, journalists and civil society leaders. One significant element will be the establishment of school-based community information resource centers, supported by Peace Corps Volunteers. The EDDI also intends to develop a public-private partnership with the U.S. technology industry, seeking to leverage its expertise, educational and training content to help bring modern, distance-learning technologies and information and training technologies to Africa.
Humanitarian Assistance: Over the past decade Africa has been beset by natural and man-made humanitarian crises. The Regional Program is designed to help avoid crises where possible, and to coordinate the Agency's crisis response in Africa when necessary. The Regional Program's Famine Early Warning System plays an important role in helping African countries and the donor community to plan responses to mitigate the consequences of erratic annual rainfall patterns. The program also is working with the World Health Organization and UNICEF to help west African governments put in place epidemic surveillance and response systems. Finally, in a new area, the program will work to prevent conflict by expanding the use of alternative dispute mechanisms and by expanding the understanding of the dynamics of development and political conflict.
AFRICA REGIONAL PROGRAM

FY 2000 PROGRAM SUMMARY
(in Thousands of Dollars)

USAID Strategic and Special Objectives Economic Growth & Agriculture Population & Health Environment Democracy Human Capacity Development Humanitarian Assistance TOTALS

S.O.1.
Strengthen Cross-Sectoral Synergies Between Democracy & Governance & Africa Bureau Programs in Key Areas
- DFA --- --- --- 500 --- --- 500

S.O.2.
Adoption of Improved Strategies, Programs & Activities for Accelerated, Sustainable & Equitable Economic Growth
- DFA 34,100 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 34,100

S.O.3.
Adoption of Improved Agriculture Policies, Programs & Strategies
- DFA 6,600 --- 1,650 --- --- --- 8,250

S.O.4.
Develop & Implement Cheaper & More Effective Mechanisms for Producing, Sharing & Using Development Information
- DFA
- CS 1,445
--- 200
400 75
--- ---
--- ---
580 ---
--- 1,720
980

S.O.5.
Progress Accelerated in the Spread of Strategically Viable & Environmentally Sound Environmental Management Systems
- DFA --- --- 8,000 --- --- --- 8,000

S.O.6.
Adoption of Policies & Strategies for Increased Sustainability, Efficiency & Equity of Basic Education Services
- CS --- --- --- --- 4,220 --- 4,220

S.O.7.
Adoption of Policies & Strategies for Increased Sustainability, Efficiency, Equity & Quality of Health Services
- CS --- 16,028 --- --- --- --- 16,028

S.O.8.
Adoption of Policies & Strategies for Increased Sustainability & Quality of Family Planning Services
- DFA
- CS ---
--- 1,800
300 ---
--- ---
--- ---
--- ---
--- 1,800
300

S.O.9.
Adoption of Cost-Effective Strategies to Prevent the Spread of HIV/AIDS
- CS --- 3,500 --- --- --- --- 3,500

S.O.10.
Improve Policies, Strategies & Programs for Preventing, Mitigating & Transiting Out of Crises
- DFA
- CS ---
--- ---
800 8,000
--- 2,400
--- ---
--- ---
--- 10,400
800

SSO 1.
Tools, Methods & Approaches are Adopted & Effective in Improving Application of Environmental Procedures & Strategies in Missions' & Africans' Programs
- DFA --- --- 675 --- --- --- 675

SPO 1.
Polio Eradicated in Selected Countries in a Manner that Builds Sustainable Immunization Programs
- CS --- 6,132 --- --- --- --- 6,132

SPO 2.
Education Initiative
- DFA
- CS ---
--- ---
--- 2,400
--- ---
--- 24,600
3,000 ---
--- 27,000
3,000

S.O.30.
Broad Based Support for Africa
- DFA
- CS 18,750
--- ---
3,900 1,000
--- 6,100
--- ---
200 ---
--- 25,850
4,100

Other
- ESF
- PL 480 23,000
--- ---
--- ---
--- 37,500
--- ---
--- ---
18,599 60,500
18,599

Totals:
- DFA
- CS
- ESF*
- PL 480** 60,895
---
23,000
--- 2,000
31,060
---
--- 21,800
---
---
--- 9,000
---
37,500
--- 24,600
8,000
---
--- ---
---
---
18,599 118,295
39,060
60,500
18,599

* Economic Support Funds (ESF) will be distributed to various countries in Africa during the year.

** P.L. 480 Title II includes food assistance for Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, and Mauritania.

Director, Office of Sustainable Development, Jerome Wolgin

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Strengthened Cross-Sectoral Synergies Between Democracy and Governance and Africa Bureau Programs in Key Areas, 698-SO01
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $500,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: Africa is going through a period of political transformation. Compared to ten years ago, many African countries now have more representative political systems, strengthened democratic institutions, and more active civil societies. Yet, serious challenges to the institutionalization of democracy in Africa remain. The Africa Regional Program will help consolidate the positive gains by emphasizing increased participation and improved local governance across all goal areas. It will identify and analyze ways in which the application of good governance principles increases program effectiveness in other goal areas, and will develop and help implement agreed-to interventions. This approach will ensure that Agency successes with integrated approaches become the standard for future programming and incorporate participation and local governance principles across all sectors.
Key Results: Key results currently being developed are: state-of-the-art knowledge on participation and local governance developed and disseminated; knowledge of how to integrate democracy and governance (DG) principles into implementation of other sectoral activities enhanced; and capacity to assess results attributed to program synergies increased.
Performance and Prospects: This activity began in 1998 with a global review of cross-sectoral linkages between DG programs and programs in other sectors. To date, reviews have been completed for programs in Mali, Zambia and Guinea, with three others to be completed by June 1999. The information from these reviews will be synthesized, supplemented and systematically disseminated. Seminars, workshops, newsletters, and internet list-services will be used for dissemination of this information. Initial expected areas of focus include the impact of increased local participation in health interventions and effects of improved local governance on the education sector.
Two current USAID programs serve as examples of the successful integration of democratic principles into other sectoral activities. In Benin, parents' associations in local schools are being strengthened by instilling democratic processes (such as elections for board members) within those organizations, and by providing assistance to improve those organizations' capacity to engage school officials for meaningful reform. As a result of this activity, parents' associations now are organized at the regional and national levels, and a democratically-elected national federation of parents' associations has been established. These groups will play an increasingly important role at all levels in determining the future of education policy in Benin.
The second example is the African Center for Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), a grass-roots conflict resolution organization started to help South Africa work through its political and social transformation, and now providing similar services throughout the Africa region. ACCORD encourages partnerships among local populations and local power structures to enable them to work together to find peaceful solutions to conflicts. Applying this fundamental DG principle to conflict resolution approaches has contributed to more effective resolution activities.
Examples such as those described above will be used as models for USAID as it analyzes successes and draws out lessons learned for use throughout the region.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: Given the initial stage of this activity, no adjustments are expected at this time.
Other Donor Programs: Other donors, including the World Bank, are also integrating democratic governance principles into their development programs through decentralization activities, capacity building of indigenous non-governmental organizations, and policy reform efforts. USAID will be coordinating its work with other donors to take advantage of ongoing cross-sectoral donor activities in USAID presence countries.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USDA, through its International Cooperation and Development office, will provide expertise to support this program in the areas of local governance and local participation. As the program develops, U.S. non-governmental organizations and private voluntary organizations also may participate.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- Percentage of total number of Africa
Bureau non-DG strategic objectives using
approaches that incorporate principles of
democratic governance 10% (1998) 20% 60%

- Number of studies completed on cross-
sectoral synergies 0 (1997) 3 6

- Information dissemination
-workshops held
-reports distributed to missions 0 (1997)
0 (1997) 2
3 5
6

- Field activities designed and implemented 0 (1998) 5 8

In addition, the Regional Program will develop and disseminate monitoring and evaluation tools for assessing the effectiveness of integrating DG principles into the implementation of other sector programs.

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Improved Strategies, Programs and Activities for Accelerated, Sustainable and Equitable Economic Growth, 698-SO02
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $34,100,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: This program works to develop the knowledge base to better manage open, market-oriented economies in Africa and to strengthen African institutional capacity to develop, design and implement improved economic policies. It cooperates with other development partners to train key technical and management staff in African countries, and links U.S. expertise with African expertise in a partnership to carry out policy analyses. African institutions and researchers suggest a set of important activities that need further analysis, and through a series of grants and contracts, key expertise in the United States is linked with African expertise to develop solutions for the selected problems, at the same time creating greater capacity for policy analysis in Africa. Moreover, through a process of networking with partners and host country governments, a constituency for policy reform is developed and African counterparts become champions for policy and strategy changes. Under its $30 million Africa Trade and Investment Policy (ATRIP) component, this program provides substantial new technical assistance, training, and non-project assistance, largely through USAID Missions in the field, to help Africans implement changes in economic policy that will improve their openness to international trade and investment. ATRIP also catalyzes business linkages between U.S. and African firms, business associations, and business networks.
Key Results: The program is creating a body of knowledge and best practices on policy reform and on the importance of undertaking such reforms, and is developing a core of African economic policy analysts and development managers who will be able to sustain the analytical and implementation work supported under the program. Over 20 participants will be trained to the doctoral level and over 1000 to the masters' level. The number of women participants will increase significantly. In addition, USAID and its partners will strengthen teaching and research capacities in more than two dozen university departments in East, Southern, and West Africa. Implementation of policy reform is accelerating with the introduction of the program's ATRIP component in FY98.
Performance and Prospects: Examples of performance to date include activities that involve multilateral, bilateral, and regional entities. Policy analysis and technical assistance funded by the programs are being used by USAID, the World Bank and the Government of Mozambique to improve the investment climate by eliminating red tape; and by the Ministry of Energy and Minerals in Tanzania to reduce harassment and taxation of small-scale miners. Support to the West African Enterprise Network is increasing its capacity for policy reform advocacy, including changes in Mali's tax regime regulations that provide incentives to increased agribusiness development. The program now stresses policy analysis that facilitates implementation of reforms to the trade and investment environment, to increase domestic resource mobilization, and to liberalize key internal markets. Activities include work on the trade environment, such as workshops to raise awareness of Africa's obligations and opportunities to liberalize trade under the World Trade Organization, and the provision of U.S. experts to help the Southern African Power Pool member countries to identify investments in electrical power generation and transmission facilities and a pattern of expanded electricity trade in the region that would have environmental benefits and could save customers up to $8 billion in electricity costs over the next 20 years.
Program components should benefit not only the approximately 3000 Africans who will complete long and short term courses and seminars, but also African businessmen and women in up to two dozen African countries who will participate in policy dialogue and business linkage networks, associations, and roundtables strengthened through the program. Collaborative research and policy analysis supported by the program will help build the capacity of a new generation of African professionals involved in policy design, policy implementation, training professionals in policy making institutions, and actual decision making. Beyond this, a very broad class of entrepreneurs, employees, and customers of existing and new enterprises will benefit from an improved policy environment and overall economic expansion. In particular, under the new ATRIP component, implementation of trade and investment policy reform are being expanded.
In FY98, eligible countries with active ATRIP policy-reform projects included Mozambique, Mali, Malawi, and Tanzania. For FY99, activities are projected to be approved for three or four additional countries, based upon specific program proposals that are judged to have the most significant impact in promoting future international trade and investment. By FY00, ATRIP program activities to support of policy reform are projected to be under way in approximately 10 African countries, with a combined population of 200 million or more.
Benefits from establishment of a better trade and investment environment are expected to be widespread throughout the economies of the participating ATRIP countries. Evidence from developing countries in other regions of the world since the 1960s indicates that openness to international trade is a powerful stimulant to economic growth and, in turn, to the general alleviation of poverty.
Possible Adjustment to Plans: It is expected that additional emphasis will be placed on increased donor coordination and strengthening of African research institutions. Technical assistance, training, and possible non-project assistance may be adjusted to reflect major themes of the U.S. Partnership for Economic Growth and Opportunity in Africa, and will increasingly be implemented through significant efforts by USAID's bilateral and regional missions.
Other Donor Programs: The program works with a rich array of partners including multilateral donors such as the World Bank, foundations such as Ford and Rockefeller, a range of bilateral donors including the French, the Scandinavians and the Canadians and a wide variety of U.S. non-profit organizations like the International Center for Economic Growth, the Corporate Council for Africa, and the Global Coalition for Africa. The African counterparts are institutions such as the African Economic Research Consortium, the African Business Roundtable, and the West Africa Enterprise Network.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Current grantees and contractors include American and African profit and non-profits, such as the Harvard Institute for International Development, Cornell University, Howard University, Associates for International Resources and Development, the African Economic Research Consortium. USAID also works with other U.S. agencies such as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Trade Representative.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline FY2000 Target
(2003)

- Number of countries adopting improved
special programs for Africa to accelerate
sustainable and equitable growth 4 (1996) 11 18

- Number of strategic policy research
agendas established in collaboration
with host country policy makers 6 (1997) 21 36

- Number of Africans completing master's
program in economics 404 (1997) 893 1,384

- Graduate economics departments in
African universities strengthened 33 (1997) 36 39

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Improved Agricultural Programs, Policies, and Strategies, 698-SO03
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $8,250,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: The purpose for this activity is to increase food production and agricultural income. Agriculture must provide an increase in food, income and exports in order for economic growth, trade, and investment in Africa to be equitable, improve nutrition and food security, and reduce poverty. African governments, businesses and trade associations, farmer groups, and other international donors have significant influence over, and provide major resources for, small farmer agriculture and productive agribusiness in Africa. Often these groups are unaware of the most appropriate technologies or most effective policy approaches to expand and sustain those changes that increase farm production and rural incomes. Better knowledge, more effective partnerships, and more rapid spread of high impact approaches are needed for there to be significant effect and success in the ways these groups assist poor people.
Key Results: The Africa Regional Program develops new approaches to making small farmer agriculture more productive for use both by a wide range of African and international groups and by USAID field missions. Program design and implementation incorporates regional Africa Food Security Initiative activities, and is a key element in USAID implementation of the Africa Seeds of Hope Act. Results include: 1) increased broad based, access to technology; 2) increased access to micro nutrient-fortified, or naturally rich foods; 3) selected regional support services for agriculture in place; 4) sustainable financing mechanisms for national and regional research initiatives in place; 5) policies established to enhance regional trade in agricultural inputs and outputs; and 6) mechanisms established to increase access to regional and international markets.
Performance and Prospects: Program performance focuses on achieving three intermediate results which together are necessary in order for increased agricultural development to maximize its impact on the well being of poor rural people. These intermediate results are: improved technology development and transfer; more efficient and equitable rural financial, support, and marketing services; and greater nutritional linkages with agriculture. Details on performance and prospects are discussed below:

Transfer of food and agricultural technologies: Prospects are good for high impact in this area due to strong partnership with national and regional technology institutes and their private and small farmer clients, and because of a track record to build on. To date, USAID has assisted African subregional organizations in the development of strategic plans that allowed these organizations to better respond to their clients (farmers, agri-business and other stakeholders) and to more effectively take on regional coordination functions. USAID has also supported a program that promotes the financial sustainability of regional and national research institutes by orienting their research work towards real needs.
Agricultural marketing and support services: African governments have largely eliminated their role in providing rural support services to agriculture; new actions and models are needed, and are being provided, in order for agribusiness firms, banks, NGOs, and farmers' groups to "fill the void" and provide high quality services to rural people in a sustainable way. USAID has helped establish linkages between African natural product growers (teas, medicinal products) and U.S. business associations through the formation of a Natural Products Network. Opportunities for a hybrid seed market are emerging in Africa as a result of USAID-facilitated collaboration between African organizations and U.S. universities. USAID funded efforts to increase private sector capacity to produce true sorghum hybrid seed resulted in a growth in the quantity of seed produced from 750 kgs. in 1996 to 8,000 kgs. In 1998.
Better linkages between agriculture and the nutritional status of children: Support has been provided to African agricultural research institutes and firms to expand food fortification and the production and distribution of micronutrient-rich foods.

Prospects for the future are favorable due to strong capacity building of African institutions, a participatory approach to strategic and program planning, strong African ownership of programs, and a shift towards greater market and customer orientation.
Possible Adjustments to plans: Based on a growing interest from other donors in these activities, USAID will increase its efforts in donor coordination and this may result in multi-donor funding of some activities and consequent adjustments to plans.
Other Donor Programs: The program works directly with sub-Saharan host countries, subregional organizations, the Special Program on African Agricultural Research (which includes 10 donors and all African technology institutes), the International Agricultural Research Institutes, and donor-government policy and program groups trying to jointly plan and program resources, including all major European and multilateral donors.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa, the Special Program for African Agricultural Research, the East and West African crop improvement networks in beans, corn, rice, sorghum, cowpeas, root crops, potatoes, tree crops, and natural resource management; Southern African Coordinating Committee on Agricultural Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, AMEX International, Abt Associates, the Herb Foundation, Africa Business Roundtable; Winrock International; Universities: Florida A and M, Michigan State, Purdue, Tuskeegee, North Carolina A and T, University of Maryland (Eastern Shore and College Park), Virginia Tech, Nebraska, Hawaii.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1997) FY2000 Target
(2002)

- Technologies promoted across countries 24 96 144

- Groups promoting micro nutrient rich foods 0 2 6

- Subregional organizations with a stakeholder approved strategy 2 7 11

- National research institutes adopting SPAAR principles 5 7 12

- Regional market information systems 1 2 6

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Improved Information and Communication Practices by Development Policy Makers and Practitioners in Africa Increased, 698-SO04
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000 $1,720,000 DFA; $980,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: African countries are showing movement toward more open economies and societies; even so, there remain formidable constraints on sustainable development. Access to information is a fundamental success factor in the development process, as donors have sought to expose developing country policy makers and practitioners to new or different approaches to solving problems, producing goods or educating their citizens. New information and communication approaches that make information more accessible, transferable and manageable are rapidly emerging. The United States is the world leader in developing the technology and in adapting it to myriad uses. Through this Regional Program, USAID is helping its development partners to obtain and master these new technologies and approaches to support rapid and sustainable development.
Key Results: This activity is working in partnership with host country governments, African telephone companies, entrepreneurs and development institutions and the U.S. private sector to introduce and embed modern information and communication practices. USAID is assisting its key development partners in three broad, interdependent areas: helping partners implement policies that promote access to and increased use of modern information and communication practices; increasing the supply of information and communication technologies in host countries; and strengthening the capacity of Africans to use the new information and communication approaches. Activities related to each of these are discussed in the following section.
Performance and Prospects: This activity is substantially on track to achieve its desired results. USAID began a predecessor to this activity when Internet was in its infancy, and has a number of successful achievements - on policies, infrastructure and the growth of a user base.
Ongoing and planned activities to achieve the expected results listed above include the following:

U.S. policy experts are training African telephone companies in these areas: 1) cost-based tariff and business planning as a way of bringing wholesale Internet access prices down to an affordable, but still profitable, levels; 2) establishing open and transparent mechanisms for attracting private entrepreneurs to become Internet access providers; and 3) demonstrating approaches to encourage the free flow of information through the Internet. The impact at the host country level will be policies that are established or modified to enhance the use of modern communications.
USAID is providing U.S. technical experts to identify reliable satellite circuitry, install the latest Internet and related technology, train national telephone company technicians to manage a "customer-focused" twenty-four hour national Internet gateway, and provide appropriate technical support.
USAID partner institutions are being assisted to develop effective information and communication strategies; helped to link up to the Internet; and, trained to use the power of the Internet to promote sustainable development.

Possible Adjustment to Plans: USAID now expects to focus on two major challenges � liberalizing existing restrictive country Internet policies (as opposed to the activity's earlier focus on helping countries create Internet policies where none existed), and identifying ways to extend Internet access and use to traditionally underserved people and locations.
Other Donor Programs: USAID is closely coordinating its efforts with the World Bank, U.N. Development Program (UNDP) and a host of bilateral donors in order to eliminate duplication and assure the consistent application of proven policy approaches. Stimulated by USAID activities, the UNDP is mounting a $10 million effort to extend Internet connectivity in several additional countries and the World Bank, foundations and bilateral donors are incorporating USAID practices in school-to-school Internet partnerships, executive office management and Internet-based business linkages, among others.
Principal Contractors, Grantees and Agencies: USAID works with the Department of State on policy issues, Science Applications International Corporation for hardware acquisition and training, and the Department of Agriculture for technical support. The Academy for Educational Development is the principal contractor for training on development applications.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1995) FY2000 Target
(2003)

- USAID partner countries in Africa
with supportive policy environments,
national and secondary city Internet
access and a vigorous Internet Service
Provider industry 0 18 20

- USAID partner institutions using the
Internet to access or deliver information
critical to their success (Average number
of institutions per country) 5 100 150

- Information "partnerships" linking U.S.
and African institutions 0 200 1000

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Progress Accelerated in the Development and Spread of Natural Resource Management Systems, 698-SO05
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $8,000,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: African livelihoods depend on access to a great variety of biological resources for food, fuel, medicine, housing, and economic security. Access has been historically controlled by national governments. The equitable and environmentally sound devolution of legal authority to manage resources to lower levels of government and to communities, and increasing the role for the private sector, are challenges facing Africa. The purpose of this program is to build the capacity of African governments, private institutions and Africans at the community level to manage their natural resources in a way that increases productivity and overall economic welfare, and that promotes the democracy/governance goal of strengthening civil society and increasing participation.
Key Results: The program will support work in tropical forest management and conservation of biodiversity (including the Central African Regional Program for the Environment - CARPE). In natural resource policy and energy, the program will promote improvement to multi-donor planning, and integrating energy issues into USAID's natural resource management planning. Results in sustainable agriculture will include better-managed agroforestry, integrated pest management, soil conservation, and soil fertility improvement. Environmental and social impact monitoring and geographic information systems applications will assist selected countries in the tracking of the impacts of USAID investments.
Performance and Prospects: The Africa regional environment program increases the use in Africa of the knowledge, tools, institutions and experience gained from the efforts of African institutions, U.S. and international private voluntary organizations, other donors, and USAID Missions. This in turn helps to manage Africa's natural resource base for the mutual long-term benefit of Africans and the world. Examples of achievements resulting from regional program interventions are: (1) developing income earning opportunities through natural resource management (NRM) in a variety of ways, including promoting village-managed tourism enterprises such as those in Namibia and Botswana; (2) establishing revenue sharing plans with National Parks in Kenya, and developing tourism services in Madagascar; (3) privatizing government-run hotels and services in Uganda; and (4) promoting tree planting and agroforestry practices in Senegal. In addition, the program works closely with the World Bank to improve the effectiveness of individual host country National Environmental Action Plans.
The Regional Program conducts and facilitates analyses to develop natural resources management programs that contribute to broad-based and ecologically sustainable increases in rural productivity. Working in up to ten countries over the next seven years, the program will continue to help put into place essential enabling conditions. These conditions include improved tenure and human capacity, greater local empowerment, and better institutions. Some of these are site or country-specific, and some are spatial, regional or continental in nature. USAID's approach includes drawing out lessons learned, transferring them to other countries, and assisting in developing improved planning and implementation methods.
The program also will conduct activities to support and expand field implementation of environmental programs, primarily with other USAID bilateral programs, and it will work with other regional programs, in southern Africa and in the Greater Horn of Africa. The program will strengthen the consortium of African and donor governments addressing development and environmental problems in the Congo river basin. To increase use of environmental and NRM information and strengthen the analytical capacity of partners in Africa, the program will improve the flow of electronic communication through internet technology and tools.
Possible Adjustments to plans: This is a relatively new activity and no adjustments are foreseen at this time.
Other Donor Programs: The program works in close cooperation with the World Bank in preparing National Environmental Action Plans. The formation of these plans also involve work with other bilateral donors, including the French and Germans. Other development partners include the United Nations Development Program, the African Development Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Good relations with International Union for the Conservation of Nature and World Wildlife Fund allow strong activity implementation.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID works with American and African non-profit organizations, such as the African-led Network for the Environment and Sustainable Development in Africa, World Wildlife Fund, Wildlife Conservation Society, the World Resources Institute, and institutional contractors, such as the International Resources Group and Management Systems International, to help implement this program. USAID also works with U.S. agencies such as the Department of Agriculture, the Forest Service, and the Peace Corps.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1995) FY2000 Target
(2003)

- Number of countries in which key
enabling conditions are established 12 14 16

- Number of countries which have multiple
donor support for National Environmental
Action Plans 21 30 40

- Number of countries with strengthened
local institutional and USAID capacities
to support the development of appropriate
infrastructure for sustainable natural
resource management 4 7 10

- Number of countries with income-
generating activities established through
the exploitation of natural resources in a
self sustaining and environmentally sound
manner 4 6 10

- Number of countries with scaled-up
community-based resource use initiatives 6 10 14

- Number of countries where government
policy change resulted in positive changes
in local wildlife and other natural resources
management 6 9 12

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Policies and Strategies for Increased Sustainability, Quality, Efficiency and Equity of Basic Education Services, 698-SO06
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $4,220,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: Basic numeracy and literacy are fundamental building blocks for broad-based, sustainable development. Research from the World Bank confirms that the provision of widespread basic quality education is prerequisite for sustained progress in economic development, democratization, health and population and environmental improvement. Less than 50% of Africa's children ever enter primary school, and less than 50% of these complete primary school. Working with a variety of partners in the field, the Regional Program aims to increase sustainability, efficiency, and equity in the provision of basic education services, and to extend an enabling environment which allows these improvements to flourish.
Key Results: Two key results are necessary to achieve this objective: 1) develop, disseminate and promote knowledge and guidance on policies, strategies, approaches, methods and tools for increased sustainability, efficiency and equity in the provision of basic education services and 2) expand collaboration and coordination among funding agencies and African decision-makers on planning, managing and evaluating education system performance.
Performance and Prospects: One major output of the regional program, the "Strategic Framework for Basic Education in Africa," has guided program evaluations and new designs in Malawi and Namibia, has been used for a preliminary sector assessment in Liberia, and discussions are underway for its application in Nigeria. USAID field missions continue to utilize methods and tools developed by the regional program. Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana and Guinea are using planning, information management and implementation techniques to promote fundamental quality and equity levels in primary schools. Policy guidance developed by the regional program has been adopted by policy-making units within and outside the Agency. Within the Agency regional program guidance is being used for impact assessments, girls' education initiatives, statistical databases, school health initiatives, and donor networking. Regional program strategies have been adopted by multi-lateral and non-governmental organizations such as UNICEF, World Bank and Pan American Health Organization to improve their education support programs.
The regional program plays a leading role in promoting greater cooperation and coordination between and among African institutions and funding agencies. It supports the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA), an African non-governmental organization that fosters African capacity building, to assume greater responsibility and leadership for educational development. The regional program also supports and participates in the ADEA Executive Steering Committee and working groups in educational statistics, sector analysis, teacher management, girls education and instructional materials.
In FY 2000 the program will continue to use the Strategic Framework to guide new education sector assessments and design a follow on program in Uganda. The program will continue its work in the following areas:

education reform support and policy formation;
school support systems management;
delivery of instructional services; and
equity enhancing measures.

The program will concentrate increasingly on improving quality at the classroom level, with an emphasis on developing African capacity for the assessment of student learning. The program will focus on enabling school to help children deal with issues of health, environment, and democracy by increasing energy among and between school, relevant government ministries, private voluntary organizations and communities. To meet the growing demand for access to primary education, the program will work through policy reform and private voluntary organizations to support cost-sharing partnerships between communities, schools and government. In addition, work with partners will increase to spread innovations that have proven successful.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: The program will continue its strategic focus on systemic reform coordination of sectoral development partners and African ownership of the reform process. Based on experience to date, to achieve these goals the program will intensify efforts to disseminate and promote the use of tools and techniques to improve education reform programs.
Other Donors' Programs: The program's host country connections are made primarily through African regional institutions, most notably the ADEA. Other donors with whom the program interacts include the World Bank, UNICEF, foundations such as Rockefeller, and bilateral development agencies including the British Canadians, French and Scandinavians.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Contracts with the Academy for Educational Development and American Institute for Research; an interagency agreement with the Department of Labor; and grants to U.S. institutions such as the International Foundation for Education and Self Help (IFESH), National Council for Negro Women (NCNW); regional networks such as the ADEA, and African organizations such as the Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE).
Selected Performance Measures: The percentage figures given as indicators are based on the median values for the ten countries where USAID supports basic education: Ghana, Mali, Guinea, Benin, Ethiopia, Uganda, Malawi, Swaziland, South Africa and Namibia.)

Baseline
(1990) FY2000 Target
(2003)

- Gross enrollment ratio-primary school 72.0% 75.0% 80.0%

- Girls as a % of enrollment 44.5% 46.0% 48.0%

- % of government recurrent budget to
education¹ 20.0% 20.0% 20.0%

- % of education budget to primary
education 37.5% 37.5% 37.5%

1 Note this indicator will measure the continuing support to education by governments in face of inflation and an increase needs for all basic services for a growing population.

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Policies and Strategies for Increased Sustainability, Quality, Efficiency and Equity of Health Services, 698-SO07
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $16,028,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: The purpose of this activity is to improve the sustainability, quality, efficiency and equity of health services in Africa, including programs that control infectious diseases and support child survival interventions. Although there has been substantial progress in reducing child morbidity and mortality in Africa in the past decade, both child and maternal mortality still remain at globally unacceptable levels, far exceeding any other region. To further reduce these high rates, greater attention has to be paid to improving sustainability including increasing African capacity to manage and finance health services and to improve quality of care. In addition, there are a number of areas of "special importance" because of their overall contribution to African child and maternal mortality. These areas include malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, malaria and other infectious diseases including vaccine preventable disease and essential obstetric care.
Key Results: Key results to be achieved include the promotion of state-of-the-art strategies and policies for health care financing, organizational reform, child survival and maternal health, and improving the enabling environment to design, manage and evaluate health programs. The following also will be important outputs of the activity: developing and disseminating knowledge on health care financing and organizational reform; developing improved policies and strategies for nutrition, malaria, immunization, and essential obstetric care; developing effective approaches for increasing provider performance and for improving child health care in the community; strengthening African capacity, developing advocacy strategies, and increasing complementarity of donor resources and expertise.
Performance and Prospects: Performance over the past year has been significant, exceeding expectations in some areas. A major evaluation of the program's Regional Immunization Grant to UNICEF from 1993 to 1998 reported that 14 of 18 countries supported by the grant showed marked improvements in vaccine coverage. The review stated that by 1996, the downward trends in coverage had been halted and most countries had increased coverage above their 1990 levels. In addition, 12 out of 18 countries established a line item in their national budget for vaccine purchases, contributing to quality and sustainability of outcomes, and a reduction of donor dependence.
As a result of the program's collaboration with the World Health Organization/Africa Regional Office, the majority of countries in sub-Saharan Africa (38) had newly developed or revised malaria control strategies and plans. Twenty-one countries actually developed monitoring and evaluation plans, based on new standards. Increased support and technical assistance to USAID missions will be provided for the development of malaria control, surveillance and drug resistance activities.
Over ten countries adopted Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategies with USAID support to training and tool development. USAID is working closely with UNICEF to expand IMCI from the health facility to the community. Field tests are underway in five countries and should provide lessons learned and guidance to promote this approach across Africa. With regional program support, seven bilateral programs including Madagascar, Zambia, Mali, Senegal, Ghana, now include nutrition components.
In health care financing, the program played an active role in persuading a regional forum of 17 countries that cost-sharing strategies to generate local revenues were necessary to supplement national budgets and that strategies to protect the poor could be implemented. Along with UNICEF, the program is field testing protection strategies for the poor to ensure equity in four countries. These studies will provide guidance to other countries so that health care financing strategies will be adopted with adequate attention to protecting the poor. In addition with regional support six bilateral programs are moving ahead with health financing activities, including Mozambique, Zambia, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: The regional program will pay special attention to countries undergoing health care reform to ensure that quality of care is not being lost. This program will work more closely with host countries and donor partners to make sure that people-level impact and specific health status indicators and targets become part of these reform efforts.
Other Donor Programs: USAID works closely with other donors such as the WHO's Africa Regional Office, UNICEF, the World Bank and other bilateral donors like the to build consensus around priority problems and develop regional strategies that can be supported jointly by the different groups. USAID supports Africans in developing relevant approaches and to leverage other donors to work together with USAID to support these approaches. The Department of International Development/UK and the European Union have been jointly planning and programming with USAID in areas such as malaria, IMCI, infectious diseases, etc. In such programs, these donors may provide commodities and USAID provides technical assistance.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: This activity will be implemented through African institutions, other donors with relevant technical and strategic strengths such as UNICEF and the World Health Organization Africa Regional Office, U.S. collaborating technical agencies and private volunteer organizations.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1996) FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- Number of countries with multi-year
national plans that follow WHO standards 8 30 41

- Number of countries adopting a national
IMCI strategy 3 15 20

- Number of countries that include malaria
control program monitoring and evaluation
indicators and procedures 18 33 40

- Number of child survival programs with
nutrition components 2 9 10

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Policies and Strategies for Increased Sustainability and Quality of Family Planning Service, 698-SO08
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $1,800,000 DFA; $300,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: Africa's 1997 population of about 614 million is now growing at roughly 2.7 percent per year and, if unchanged, the population will double in just 26 years or one generation. The success of African population programs over the next 10 years will have a direct effect on Africa's sustainable development for the next 50 years. The success of voluntary family planning by Africans will largely determine the outcome of this drama. USAID is addressing the Africa region's need for innovative solutions to increase and improve family planning and reproductive health programs. USAID is educating its missions, its collaborating agencies, and African leaders and decision-makers about policies and strategies that will lead to improved programs, as well as supporting research and analyses to find innovative solutions. Finally, the capacity of African institutions to be effective advocates for appropriate policies and programs is being increased in order to improve sustainability.
Key Results: Two key results are: (1) improved policies and strategies to expand family planning programs, and (2) an improved enabling environment to design, implement, and evaluate family planning programs. The activity will address the needs of underserved populations, particularly adolescents and males, and the need for urban family planning services, effective strategies for integrating STD/HIV/AIDS programs with Family Planning/Materal Child Health (FP/MCH) and other reproductive health services and new strategies for empowering women. In addition, the activity will address the need to strengthen African regional and national capacity to plan, manage, and implement family planning programs. The need for innovative advocacy strategies to increase support for expanded family planning programs, and the need for improved coordination among partners in family planning programs will be addressed to maximize the use of scarce resources.
Performance and Prospects: Performance over the past year has been as expected in some areas and better than predicted in others. Some examples of performance, and consequent prospects for the future are:
- In Francophone West Africa, USAID support has led in Burkina Faso to the formation of a national youth network on reproductive health and the development of an effective partnership among youth associations, NGOs, and government agencies.
- As a result of USAID-training of high-level journalists along with family planning experts in West Africa, significant changes have occurred in media outlet policies including the creation of new regular features on family planning and HIV/AIDS, an increase in the number of journalists reporting on reproductive health issues, and improved collaboration between editors-in-chief and local health specialists in the preparation of news articles and radio programs.
- In order to decrease the reliance on abortion and increase the use of family planning, postabortion care is being advocated and strategies for appropriate care are being developed and promoted. Several USAID missions have developed and are beginning to implement postabortion care strategies.
- A major accomplishment has been the increase of African capacity to plan, manage, implement, and advocate for increased and improved family planning and reproductive health programs. USAID-supported African institutions are increasingly becoming significant actors in this area. The Centre for Applied Research on Population and Development (CERPOD) in Bamako, Mali has taken responsibility for managing and implementing the West African adolescent and media activities referred to in this section. The Centre d'Etudes Supérieures en Administration et Gestion (CESAG) in Dakar, Senegal and the Center for African Family Studies in Kenya are now serving as trainers of others in family planning advocacy.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: Due to the success in increasing attention to, and funding from bilateral and multilateral donors and local African governments, this particular component will be phased out by FY 2000. Planned activities generally will be scaled down and targets modified as a result of budget reductions now occurring.
Other Donor Programs: A major conference to design strategies for increasing male involvement in family planning, organized for Francophone countries, was cosponsored by the United Nations Family Planning Association, International Planned Parenthood, Germany, and USAID. The Government of Botswana has taken over the funding of the social marketing program formerly sponsored by Population Services International and has maintained the adolescent programs started by USAID. In South Africa, the Planned Parenthood Association of South Africa was a partner in USAID-funded adolescent activities that are being incorporated into programs funded by the British Department for International Funding and the South African Ministry of Health. Partner contributions to urban family planning services have come from Germany and the Netherlands.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: USAID contracts with John Snow, Inc., the Population Council, the Academy for Educational Development, the Western Consortium for Public Health, Tulane University, Johns Hopkins University, Morehouse School of Medicine, the Population Reference Bureau, the Futures Group, Pathfinder International, ABT Associates, Population Services International, and the Universities of North Carolina and Michigan to support this activity.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- Programs providing adolescent
reproductive health services 2 (1996) 10 13

- Programs providing integrated
FP/MCH/STI services 0 (1995) 10 16

- Expanded/improved urban family
planning programs 0 (1995) 11 Phased Out

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Adoption of Cost-effective Strategies to Prevent the Spread and to Mitigate the Impact of HIV/AIDS, 698-SO09
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $ 3,500,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATIONS: FY 1999; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: It is now more than 15 years since the emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic was first recognized and today it poses an increasing threat to sustainable development in an environment of limited resources. Many uncertainties remain about specific intervention activities and methods of implementation that will be the most efficient and cost-effective for its prevention and mitigation in Africa. This activity will help USAID and its African partners adopt cost-effective strategies to prevent the spread and to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS. This activity will strategically support USAID Mission and other partner projects by working with host country and international institutions for preventing and mitigating HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.
Key Results: Key results of the Regional Program will be to improve African capacity to design, manage, and evaluate HIV/AIDS programs, policies, and strategies, with an emphasis on improving national and sub-national surveillance and evaluation methods.
The principal expected accomplishments of this regional program will be to:
- Improve the ability of Africans and other partners to develop cost-effective, multisectoral approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation which address both the underlying root causes of transmission and the effects of AIDS-related deaths in the economy and society. This will include facilitating civil -military cooperation, in collaboration with UNAIDS, to maximize each sector's comparative advantage in the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS;
- Develop new methodologies and enhance the use of previously collected African country epidemiologic and behavioral data to evaluate HIV/AIDS program impact and develop more effective strategies for program effectiveness, with an initial focus for this "evaluation cluster" on Uganda, Zambia, Tanzania, and Malawi. This will include the development of management tools based on computer models, which simulate the impact of interventions on HIV/AIDS for informing advocacy and policy decisions; and
- Increase the understanding of the effectiveness of integrating HIV prevention activities with on-going maternal/child health and family planning services in Africa which will lead to improved programs in Botswana, Uganda, Kenya, and elsewhere in Africa.
Performance and Prospects: USAID is evaluating the cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS approaches to understand which interventions and strategies are most successful. The bulk of the research will occur in Africa. Using this new information, Africans will improve their programs for preventing HIV transmission and reducing the impact of HIV/AIDS. Intervention studies focusing on changing social and cultural norms - instead of on changing isolated risk sexual behaviors - may have a wider and more lasting impact on the spread of HIV/AIDS. The Africa Regional Program will continue, therefore, to investigate the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS through several avenues. This HIV/AIDS activity will also increase the capacity of Africans to manage their programs and make decisions using local evidence. This capacity building involves training, mentoring, and feedback, and will be tailored to the capability of the individuals and institutions themselves to collect, manage, analyze, and interpret data. Training in logistics management for drugs and commodities, essential for effective HIV/AIDS programs and improving quality assurance will be other foci for capacity building in Africa. USAID and its partners will build capacity of African social scientists, to conduct research and intervention studies which address identified social norms that affect HIV transmission. In summary, the Regional Program promotes a multi-sectoral approach, conducting cost-effectiveness research and analyses to determine the optimal use of resources; and will disseminate the results to improve African programs. Ongoing major activities include:
- Developing and disseminating multi-sectoral "AIDS Briefs" (in French, Spanish, and Portuguese) and "HIV/AIDS Tool kits for Developing Countries" which provide guidance to countries for sector-specific approaches (e.g. Commercial and Subsistence Agriculture, Education, Health, Manufacturing, Mining, Tourism, and Military) for HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation. Working with the European Commission (EC), the Briefs and Toolkits have become effective multi-sectoral tools in policy dialogue.
- Increasing civil and military cooperation fostered by the new non governmental organization, the Civil-Military Alliance to Combat HIV and AIDS, and its networks of 15 East and Southern African countries and 17 West and Central African Countries which together promote synergistic use of country resources to "combat" HIV/AIDS.
- Improving the understanding of the epidemiology and program implications of recent perceived decreases in HIV seroprevalence rates among some young Ugandans.
- Increasing the understanding of the impact and programmatic options for addressing the growing HIV-related tuberculosis epidemic in Africa.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: As a new program, no substantive changes are anticipated.
Other Donor Programs: USAID works directly with its development partners and regional institutions to improve their programs, strategies, and policies. Significant collaboration with UNAIDS, the European Commission, and the World Bank have been established and joint activities are being planned and implemented, to maximize effectiveness in the field. For example, within individual countries, where appropriate, USAID works with all relevant multilateral and bilateral organizations, development partners, and African institutions to the greatest extent possible.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The International Center for Migration and Health, Geneva, University of Natal in South Africa, Academy for Educational Development, World Bank, National Research Council, Civil-Military Alliance to Combat HIV and AIDS, Network of AIDS Researchers in East and Southern Africa, Kenya, Commonwealth Health Secretariat for East, Central, and Southern Africa, Tanzania, WHO/AFRO, The Johns Hopkins University, Tulane University, The Futures Group, and the Population Council.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1997) FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- Number of countries that have adopted
proven-effective (or cost effective)
strategies for preventing transmission of
HIV/STI 0 4 10

- Number of cost-effective approaches,
tools, measurement instruments, or
methodologies developed and promoted 0 6 25

- Number of countries which have used
data from monitoring and evaluation to
improve their approaches (policies,
strategies or programs) for preventing
HIV/STI transmission 0 4 10

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Policies, Strategies, and Programs Improved for Preventing, Mitigating, and Transitioning Out of Crisis, 698-SO10
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $10,400,000 DFA; $800,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: In 1997, Africa experienced its highest number of devastating conflicts in several years, in contrast to other parts of the world. Although conflicts in the world as a whole declined from 1996 to 1997, all new conflicts in 1997 were in Africa. In FY 1998 Africa also had 28 declared disasters, both complex emergencies and natural. The purpose of this activity is to work with sub-Saharan host countries, regional institutions, as well as non-governmental organizations and other USAID and United States Government operating units to strengthen national and subregional capacity for preventing and mitigating the impact of natural disasters, epidemic diseases, and man-made crises.
Key Results: Four key results are important to this activity: (1) epidemics: promotion of epidemic preparedness and response through collaboration among African governments and their development partners; (2) pestilence: plague prevention through early intervention by improving the capacity of ministries of agriculture and regional organizations to manage locust infestations; (3) famine: improved famine prevention through drought preparedness and adoption of response plans; and (4) conflict: strengthened capacity of African regional organizations in the areas of conflict prevention and resolution.
Performance and Prospects: In the area of epidemics, achievements have included the establishment and functioning of a sub-regional technical team for epidemic control and prevention in West Africa. The team is composed of UN World Health Organization (WHO) experts with participation of the European Commission and the Centers for Disease Control and prevention/Atlanta. This team has aided seven countries in the development of their national action plans for epidemic control and prevention. These efforts have also resulted in the development and dissemination of integrated training modules on surveillance and epidemic management in 18 countries, the reinforcement of communication systems in six countries, and the strengthening of laboratory capacity for rapid identification of causal agents in 13 countries.
In the area of pestilence, support was provided to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) initiation of the regional emergency prevention system for trans-boundary pests to coordinate assistance for at-risk outbreak countries, and to begin start-up of a grant with Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University to do biological control research. USAID rapidly delivered pesticides to Eritrea to control a locust outbreak, thus stopping the plague cycle. In Eritrea, Cameroon, and Madagascar, the program provided rapid assessments of locust situations. In Madagascar, USAID was able to develop an appropriate response to a locust plague and draft an environmental assessment for the use of a new pesticide. As a result of these measures, and in coordination with other donors, the plague is now approaching remission in Madagascar, and in Eritrea and Cameroon the plagues were stopped.
The Famine Early Warning System (FEWS) has been successful in several areas including providing analysis useful in scaling back the level of food aid necessary in areas of Somalia not facing acute vulnerability while working with the World Food Program (WFP) and Save the Children Federation to identify those areas facing the most critical need. In Southern Sudan, FEWS initiated discussions leading to strengthened information flows which allowed wider access, analysis and utilization within Operation Lifeline Sudan for improved decision-making on both food and non-food interventions. FEWS vulnerability analysis is used (e.g. in Malawi) to target development programs while FEWS early warning regularly leads to decisions related to importing food aid (e.g. in Ethiopia). In 1996/97, climatological models, used by FEWS, suggested a high probability of below normal rainfall in much of Southern Africa with flooding a possibility in other parts of the region. FEWS provided meteorological updates through out the period, hosted workshops and provided country-specific advisory services.
As noted above, Africa lately has been experiencing its highest number of conflicts. In FY 1998, USAID created an endowment with a local African organization, the African Center for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) to work throughout Africa on conflict prevention, early warning, and resolution and to enhance the ability of Africans to respond systematically to crisis in a time sensitive manner. Through ACCORD, missions have been undertaken to Liberia, Nigeria and Tanzania. Discussions have also been held with the leadership of the Lesotho Defense Force during a Peacekeeping workshop, and with the Organization of African Unity concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: FEWS is currently undergoing a re-design which is expected to be completed by FY 2000. Also the regional program may be expanded to include other emergency-outbreak pests and pesticide disposal scenarios.
Other Donor Programs: USAID will continue working directly with sub-Saharan host countries, subregional institutions, UN organizations (FAO, WHO/AFRO, WFP), the European Community and other donors including Germany, Norway and Switzerland.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: WHO, FAO, United States Department of Agriculture, NOAA, NASA, USGS, Associates in Rural Development, the African Center for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes, Search for Common Ground.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1998) FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- Number of African countries with
improved integrated disease surveillance
and responses 0 18 23

- Number of countries with preventive
and proactive action plans/updates to
manage locust 4 7 9

- Number of consensus plans adopted
in response to potential famine/drought
disaster 4 4 being
redesigned

- Conflict Early Warning System
developed and number of countries/
sub-regions covered 0 being
redesigned 2

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Tools, Methods, and Approaches are Adopted and Effective in Improving Application of Environmental Procedures and Strategies in Missions and Africans' Programs, 698-SS01
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATIONS AND FUNDING SOURCES: FY 2000: $675,000 DFA
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: Consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act and the statutory responsibilities to ensure compliance with Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulation, Part 216, USAID has the responsibility to ensure that its overseas programs avoid or minimize environmental harm. The purpose of this program is to ensure that the environmental consequences of USAID-financed activities are identified and considered before activities begin. The procedures assist developing countries and USAID's implementing partners in Africa strengthen their capability to evaluate the potential environmental impact of their development strategy or program, and to select, implement and manage effective program activities. The ultimate goal is to have African countries and institutions adopt their own environmental regulations and review procedures to protect the environment.
Key Results: This activity is designed to support missions, partners and other donors so that they will be better able to incorporate environmental quality considerations into all programs and activities. The activity enables USAID missions to adhere to U.S. legislative requirements and USAID environmental procedures. This activity supports the environmental quality of programs and activities conducted within the Africa region, in conjunction with the network of regional and mission environmental officers by developing tools, methods and capacities to conduct environmental assessment, so as to maximize the environmental effectiveness of programs carried out by USAID and its partners in Africa. Training is custom designed and provided for all partners so that they will develop the capability necessary to design and implement environmentally sound programs. Environmental quality is improved by ensuring that lessons learned in the area of program design and implementation are shared with all partners.
Performance and Prospects: Environmental activities have produced many achievements, such as in 1996, 61 Initial Environmental Examinations, and three environmental assessments were completed in 19 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. Major progress was made in the environmental capacity-building process with private voluntary organizations (PVO) carrying out the P.L. 480 food aid program. Environmental assessment courses for PVO and host country partners were conducted in eleven countries co-funded by USAID, PVOs and the African Development Bank. USAID developed environmental guidelines in English and French and a training system specifically adapted by locations to maximize its effectiveness. In addition an Environmental Documentation Manual and a training series for the PVO community was finalized.
The following are the key elements of this activity:
- Analysis of environmental soundness of humanitarian and development programs in areas of food aid assistance, environment, urbanization, agricultural inputs, microenterprise and environment water resources management, and environmental monitoring. Recommendations are disseminated through training. This fosters better understanding for environmental compliance and better decision making.
- Institutional capacity building to improve environmental review, planning and management, leading to implementation of environmentally sound activities by USAID missions, Africans and other collaborators and partners. This is conducted with the World Bank's Capacity in Environmental Assessment in sub-Saharan Africa activity, and the Network for Environment and Sustainable Development in Africa;
- Integration of USAID Environmental Procedures into results planning, achieving and monitoring and applied by mission strategic objective teams. This is promoted through developing and promoting guidelines and conducting training courses for Mission Environmental Officers, as well as by individual travel by staff to field missions;
- Environmental planning that leads to incorporation of monitoring, assessment and mitigation into host country and mission development programs. An example is the joint formulation of Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation and Mitigation programs with Missions and host country ministries for Trade and Investment Programs in Ghana.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: No adjustments currently are planned. This activity could vary as the result of changes in host country governments and the policies and regulations that are formulated.
Other Donor Programs: All sub-Saharan African countries where USAID has programs are included. Other donors are the World Bank and the African Development Bank, who often cofund the activities. For example, the African Development Bank has sponsored trainers at environmental assessment training courses for PVO collaborators organized by USAID.Many other instances of collaboration arise, such as through the Multi-donor Secretariat for Environmental Action Planning, hosted by the World Bank and funded by several donors, including USAID.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: U.S. and African private voluntary organization and non-government organizations, such as Africare, CARE, and World Resources Institute, U.S. institutional contractors, U.S. universities such as Cornell and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Federal agencies such as U.S. Department of Agriculture, and multilateral organizations include the World Bank and the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1998) FY2000 Target
(2003)

- PVOs adopt environmental screening
and review methodologies in their field
practices 0 12 15

- Mission Environmental Officers trained
and are actively engaging environmental
review principles and procedures 10 25 30

- Case studies show evidence of improved
environmental quality and programming 0 5 8

- Environmental Monitoring systems
adopted by USAID Missions and linked to
the host country data collection and
reporting 1 5 8

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE/NUMBER: Polio Eradicated in Selected Countries in a Manner That Builds Sustainable Immunization Programs, 698-SPO1
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $6,132,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: The World Health Assembly and the World Summit for Children adopted the goal of global poliovirus eradication by the year 2000. Polio eradication strategies include: sustaining high vaccination coverage with oral polio vaccine (OPV); mass immunization campaigns where all children under five years of age receive OPV to interrupt poliovirus transmission; and surveillance to detect cases and document eradication. sub-Saharan Africa is the greatest challenge in the final push for polio eradication. This activity is to support the global goal, in particular, in countries where USAID is working, in a manner which will contribute to the development of sustainable health systems and in particular those needed for the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI).
Key Results: USAID support for eradicating polio in Africa is designed to complement ongoing efforts to develop sustainable immunization delivery systems. This activity will continue to support the development and implementation of prevention and control strategies for improvement of regional and country-level capacities to eradicate polio and also will contribute to the strengthening and sustainability of routine immunization services for childhood vaccine preventable diseases. To accomplish this goal and to strengthen EPI technical and administrative capacities in the region, improved institutional capacity at the regional level is needed to provide and transfer the skills and knowledge to country programs. To achieve this, the Africa Regional Program will provide support in the following areas:
- Development of effective partnerships to support the implementation of polio eradication and immunization/disease-control programs; a key component of the eradication effort is the formation of regional and country-level interagency coordinating committees. These committees facilitate donor coordination and enable countries to identify funding gaps based on annual and five-year action plans;
- Strengthening of selected immunization support systems in the public and private sector to achieve polio eradication. Planning, training and management along with the cold chain and social mobilization constitute the critical components of immunization programs that need to be strengthened in sub-Saharan African countries in order to achieve polio eradication;
- Improved planning and implementation for supplemental polio immunization activities including National Immunization Days (NIDS). During NIDS, the enormous influx of vaccine and the speed with which it must be dispatched to appropriate vaccination posts presents a formidable challenge to logistics systems and requires careful advance planning. The Africa Regional Program will support the preparation of detailed plans for NIDS and related training for national and district managers. Monitoring and evaluation will be built into supplementary immunization activities;
- Implementation of surveillance activities for polio which are integrated with surveillance for other infectious diseases. Since the ultimate purpose of immunization is to prevent diseases, cases and deaths from the target diseases will be counted regularly. Polio eradication efforts require a laboratory-based surveillance system that can be expanded to cover other vaccine preventable diseases. Critical to the success of any such system, however, are sufficient personnel and the infrastructure for transmitting information in a timely way; and
- Development and use of information for continuously improving the quality of polio eradication activities. While the ultimate measure of success will be the eradication of disease, NIDS are a multi-year activity. The more effective they are, the greater the likelihood of achieving polio eradication sooner. Therefore, the collection and continuous use of information to improve NID activities are essential in order to optimally implement polio eradication strategies in different country situations. The Africa Bureau will support activities such as the development of appropriate process indicators, south-to-south technical cooperation in NID planning, surveillance and response, and the sharing of lessons learned at country and regional levels.
Performance And Prospects: Performance has exceeded expectations in terms of the number of countries conducting National Immunization Days and achieving results of greater than 80% coverage, the reduction of reported cases of polio and the strengthening of the surveillance /laboratory network. In 1997, with USAID support, 36 out of 41 countries conducted National Immunization Days and about 100 million children below five years of age were immunized with two supplemental doses of Oral Polio Vaccine. In 1997 and 1998, no wild poliovirus was isolated in East Africa from Southern Uganda through Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia, and throughout southern Africa around to Namibia.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: No adjustments are anticipated at this time.
Other Donor Programs: Host countries are responsible for implementing these disease control activities and contribute funding for health workers, logistics, training health information systems, and other operational expenses. The major funding partners outside of national governments include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International, the World Health Organization and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). The CDC and the Rotary Foundation of Rotary International contributed in 1996/1997 approximately $30 million for polio activities. USAID has contributed approximately $40 million to this effort in Africa. In 1998, the development agencies of England, Denmark and Canada have joined the polio partnership and are providing support to several countries in Africa.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: This activity will be implemented through African ministries of health, other donors with relevant technical and strategic strengths such as UNICEF, WHO/AFRO, U.S. technical contractors under the USAID BASICS project as well as the USAID mission staff.
Selected Performance Measure: The eradication of polio in sub-Saharan Africa by 2003.

Baseline
(1997) FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- No. of countries with non-polio
acute flacid paralysis rate of 1/100,000
in children 0-59 months of age 0 15 41

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: The Education for Development and Democracy Initiative, 698-SP02
STATUS: New
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $27,000,000 DFA; $3,000,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1999 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003
Summary: The purpose of the Education for Development and Democracy initiative is to catalyze major improvements in African education systems by linking them, through modern information technology, to the models, experiences and technologies that have served U.S. education so well.
Four decades of development experience have made it clear that one of the most important determinants of development success is the level of education or human resource development of a country. But African education systems have been unable to meet effectively the challenges created by a rapidly growing school-age population and quality has deteriorated. Universities suffer from uncertain funding and an archaic mission. The challenge is to make universities more relevant, primary systems more equitable and efficient, and skills training more widely available. In doing so, Africa will be better placed to take advantage of future economic growth and trade opportunities. The direct beneficiaries of this activity will be primary and secondary schools and their attendant communities where resource centers will be developed, African institutions of higher education with improved management and curricula, and the broad array of individuals receiving training in various skills and disciplines.
Key Results: The Education for Democracy Initiative is just getting started. By FY 2003 USAID will:
- establish programs to strengthen African universities through partnerships with American institutions of higher learning;
- establish a program for providing scholarships and mentoring for girls;
- develop a number of resource centers which will introduce schools and their communities to modern information technology;
- create the Ron Brown Institute, which will provide internships for young promising African business people in U.S. firms in Africa
- provide training in economic and governance skills for a number of Africans through partnerships with U.S. organizations.
Performance and Prospects: Given the newness of the program it is too early too discuss performance, potential problems, and what is being learned through the implementation of the initiative.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: Because this initiative is new, there are no adjustments anticipated at this time.
Other Donor Programs: This program will be working with ministries of education, African universities and other institutions of higher learning, and virtually all donors active in African education.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, and Agencies: This initiative is built around the active participation of a large number of U.S. partners including the Peace Corps, United States Information Agency, the Department of Education, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Defense, U.S. universities and community colleges, U.S. businesses (particularly computer manufacturers and information producers), U.S. foundations, non-governmental associations such as parent-teachers associations, and state and local governments. These will be partnership relations, not contractual ones, and each partner is expected to bring resources that match or exceed USAID resources.
Selected Performance Measures:

Baseline
(1999) FY 2000 Target
(2003)

- African universities becoming more
financially independent 0 1 5

- African universities reorienting their
mandates to provide more services to the community 0 3 10

- Percentage of reduction of repeater
rates in 20,000 schools 0% 2% 10%

- Regional and national Educational
Reform Networks strengthened
(Networks are comprised of the educational
policy-makers and practitioners in the
United States and Africa) 0 5 25

- Democracy Networks strengthened
(Network participants include
journalists, NGOs, women's advocacy
groups, parliamentarians and civic leaders) 0 5 25

ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: Africa Regional Program
TITLE AND NUMBER: Broad Based Support for Africa, 698-S030
STATUS: Continuing
PROPOSED OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: FY 2000: $25,850,000 DFA; $4,100,000 CS
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: Ongoing
Summary: A tenet of the USAID Africa Bureau's management goal is that Agency resources are budgeted and implemented for specific country and regional programs to the maximum extent possible. However, there are some Africa-wide issues and management needs that transcend national and/or regional boundaries. Under this activity, USAID provides necessary program management support for Africa-wide issues or support for sub-regional programs.
Key Results: Activities funded under this objective have the common focus of enhancing the way the Africa Bureau manages its development resources. Funds have been used to service certain regional needs or where it is premature to budget resources to a specific country or group of countries yet funds can be used to plan and prepare for specific interventions. Over the years, funds have been invested in developing new support mechanisms, strengthening Africa Bureau program management, enhancing U.S. policy interests by building indigenous support and for developing fundamental and far-reaching economic policy reform programs. By the very nature of activities supported, measurable achievements are limited as there is a constant need to continue to invest in new and better ways to play a catalytic role in the enhancement of program management.
Performance and Prospects: The Africa Bureau funds a number of support activities under this strategic objective including: a) Program Development and Support to design, support and/or evaluate program, projects or activities, including pilot activities in the infrequent times when such activities can not be appropriately charged to an individual project or activity and are not directly related or linked to existing programs in a particular country or USAID Mission. A recent example is the con-sponsoring with the Smithsonian Institution of a regional symposium on desertification. b) Africa Special Self Help Program which enables USAID Missions and U.S. Ambassadors (in specifically identified non-USAID presence countries) to respond quickly and with minimal red tape to requests from indigenous communities for small (generally $2,000 or less), self-help activities which have an immediate impact and will advance U.S. interests. Examples include drilling small wells for potable water; building classrooms, and providing books or equipment needed to enable school children to be educated in their communities. c) The Democracy and Human Rights Fund administered jointly with the Department of State to provide small grants to indigenous organizations for activities which promote democratic principles and/or promote human rights. Examples include the promotion of full and fair media through support to local radio stations; strengthened judiciary through publication of court decisions; and women's rights through funding of women's advocacy groups. d) Support for InterAction, a U.S. private voluntary organization (PVO) consortium which brings together U.S. and African Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and PVOs on a regular basis to discus Africa-wide issues and lessons learned. e) A small activity program administered by the Peace Corps.
For budgetary purpose, funding is also reserved for a number of activities which USAID will undertake but where the specific country in which funding will be applied is undetermined at the time the budget is prepared. Such activities include microenterprise initiatives, programs for displaced children and orphans of war, the War Victims Fund, and transfers to the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: The overall objective will remain constant but how these funds are used is constantly evolving to meet new opportunities and challenges.
Other Donor Programs: By the nature of supporting program management rather than implementing country programs, there is little measurable correlation with host country and other donor support, especially where funds are used for precursor activities or program formulation. However, in providing the framework for PVO support, there is the clear expectation that, over time, the strengthened PVOs will enhance their ability to raise private contributions and to work collaboratively with host country and other donor resources. Likewise, when economic policy reform programs are formulated, at that point, other donors and the host country must have an identified and clearly discernable role.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: In most cases the grantees and/or implementing agencies are to be determined in the future when specific tasks are to be implemented. It is known that local indigenous community-based organizations will implement activities under the aegis of the Ambassador's Special Self Help programs and the Peace Corps is often instrumental in implementing these activities. Strengthening PVOs has been a collaborative process undertaken in cooperation with InterAction, a U.S. PVO, and this symbiotic relationship is to be continued.
Selected Performance Measures: Not Applicable

Director, Office of Sustainable Development, Jerome Wolgin
USAID Strategic and Special Objectives	Economic Growth & Agriculture	Population & Health	Environment	Democracy	Human Capacity Development	Humanitarian Assistance	TOTALS
S.O.1. Strengthen Cross-Sectoral Synergies Between Democracy & Governance & Africa Bureau Programs in Key Areas - DFA	---	---	---	500	---	---	500
S.O.2. Adoption of Improved Strategies, Programs & Activities for Accelerated, Sustainable & Equitable Economic Growth - DFA	34,100	----	----	----	----	----	34,100
S.O.3. Adoption of Improved Agriculture Policies, Programs & Strategies - DFA	6,600	---	1,650	---	---	---	8,250
S.O.4. Develop & Implement Cheaper & More Effective Mechanisms for Producing, Sharing & Using Development Information - DFA - CS	1,445 ---	200 400	75 ---	--- ---	--- 580	--- ---	1,720 980
S.O.5. Progress Accelerated in the Spread of Strategically Viable & Environmentally Sound Environmental Management Systems - DFA	---	---	8,000	---	---	---	8,000
S.O.6. Adoption of Policies & Strategies for Increased Sustainability, Efficiency & Equity of Basic Education Services - CS	---	---	---	---	4,220	---	4,220
S.O.7. Adoption of Policies & Strategies for Increased Sustainability, Efficiency, Equity & Quality of Health Services - CS	---	16,028	---	---	---	---	16,028
S.O.8. Adoption of Policies & Strategies for Increased Sustainability & Quality of Family Planning Services - DFA - CS	--- ---	1,800 300	--- ---	--- ---	--- ---	--- ---	1,800 300
S.O.9. Adoption of Cost-Effective Strategies to Prevent the Spread of HIV/AIDS - CS	---	3,500	---	---	---	---	3,500
S.O.10. Improve Policies, Strategies & Programs for Preventing, Mitigating & Transiting Out of Crises - DFA - CS	--- ---	--- 800	8,000 ---	2,400 ---	--- ---	--- ---	10,400 800
SSO 1. Tools, Methods & Approaches are Adopted & Effective in Improving Application of Environmental Procedures & Strategies in Missions' & Africans' Programs - DFA	---	---	675	---	---	---	675
SPO 1. Polio Eradicated in Selected Countries in a Manner that Builds Sustainable Immunization Programs - CS	---	6,132	---	---	---	---	6,132
SPO 2. Education Initiative - DFA - CS	--- ---	--- ---	2,400 ---	--- ---	24,600 3,000	--- ---	27,000 3,000
S.O.30. Broad Based Support for Africa - DFA - CS	18,750 ---	--- 3,900	1,000 ---	6,100 ---	--- 200	--- ---	25,850 4,100
Other - ESF - PL 480	23,000 ---	--- ---	--- ---	37,500 ---	--- ---	--- 18,599	60,500 18,599
Totals: - DFA - CS - ESF* - PL 480**	60,895 --- 23,000 ---	2,000 31,060 --- ---	21,800 --- --- ---	9,000 --- 37,500 ---	24,600 8,000 --- ---	--- --- --- 18,599	118,295 39,060 60,500 18,599
* Economic Support Funds (ESF) will be distributed to various countries in Africa during the year.
** P.L. 480 Title II includes food assistance for Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Gambia, and Mauritania.

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	Baseline (1997)	FY 2000	Target (2003)
- Number of countries that have adopted proven-effective (or cost effective) strategies for preventing transmission of HIV/STI	0	4	10
- Number of cost-effective approaches, tools, measurement instruments, or methodologies developed and promoted	0	6	25
- Number of countries which have used data from monitoring and evaluation to improve their approaches (policies, strategies or programs) for preventing HIV/STI transmission	0	4	10

	Baseline (1998)	FY 2000	Target (2003)
- Number of African countries with improved integrated disease surveillance and responses	0	18	23
- Number of countries with preventive and proactive action plans/updates to manage locust	4	7	9
- Number of consensus plans adopted in response to potential famine/drought disaster	4	4	being redesigned
- Conflict Early Warning System developed and number of countries/ sub-regions covered	0	being redesigned	2

	FY 1998 Actual	FY 1999 Estimate	FY 2000 Request
Development Assistance	$45,884,000	$97,699,000	---
Development Fund for Africa	---	---	$118,295,000
Child Survival and Disease	$52,886,000	$53,317,000	$39,060,000
Economic Support Fund	$8,320,000	$25,000,000	$60,500,000
P.L. 480 Title II	$163,951,000	$103,520,000	$18,599,000

	Baseline	FY 2000	Target (2003)
- Percentage of total number of Africa Bureau non-DG strategic objectives using approaches that incorporate principles of democratic governance	10% (1998)	20%	60%
- Number of studies completed on cross- sectoral synergies	0 (1997)	3	6
- Information dissemination -workshops held -reports distributed to missions	0 (1997) 0 (1997)	2 3	5 6
- Field activities designed and implemented	0 (1998)	5	8

	Baseline	FY2000	Target (2003)
- Number of countries adopting improved special programs for Africa to accelerate sustainable and equitable growth	4 (1996)	11	18
- Number of strategic policy research agendas established in collaboration with host country policy makers	6 (1997)	21	36
- Number of Africans completing master's program in economics	404 (1997)	893	1,384
- Graduate economics departments in African universities strengthened	33 (1997)	36	39

	Baseline (1997)	FY2000	Target (2002)
- Technologies promoted across countries	24	96	144
- Groups promoting micro nutrient rich foods	0	2	6
- Subregional organizations with a stakeholder approved strategy	2	7	11
- National research institutes adopting SPAAR principles	5	7	12
- Regional market information systems	1	2	6

	Baseline (1995)	FY2000	Target (2003)
- USAID partner countries in Africa with supportive policy environments, national and secondary city Internet access and a vigorous Internet Service Provider industry	0	18	20
- USAID partner institutions using the Internet to access or deliver information critical to their success (Average number of institutions per country)	5	100	150
- Information "partnerships" linking U.S. and African institutions	0	200	1000

	Baseline (1990)	FY2000	Target (2003)
- Gross enrollment ratio-primary school	72.0%	75.0%	80.0%
- Girls as a % of enrollment	44.5%	46.0%	48.0%
- % of government recurrent budget to education¹	20.0%	20.0%	20.0%
- % of education budget to primary education	37.5%	37.5%	37.5%

	Baseline (1996)	FY 2000	Target (2003)
- Number of countries with multi-year national plans that follow WHO standards	8	30	41
- Number of countries adopting a national IMCI strategy	3	15	20
- Number of countries that include malaria control program monitoring and evaluation indicators and procedures	18	33	40
- Number of child survival programs with nutrition components	2	9	10

	Baseline (1999)	FY 2000	Target (2003)
- African universities becoming more financially independent	0	1	5
- African universities reorienting their mandates to provide more services to the community	0	3	10
- Percentage of reduction of repeater rates in 20,000 schools	0%	2%	10%
- Regional and national Educational Reform Networks strengthened (Networks are comprised of the educational policy-makers and practitioners in the United States and Africa)	0	5	25
- Democracy Networks strengthened (Network participants include journalists, NGOs, women's advocacy groups, parliamentarians and civic leaders)	0	5	25