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ETHIOPIA
Activity Data Sheet
>> AFR Regional Overview >> Ethiopia Overview PROGRAM: ETHIOPIA
TITLE & NUMBER: Enhanced Household Food Security in Target Areas, 663-005
STATUS: Ends in FY 2001
PLANNED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $500,000 CSD
PROPOSED FY 2002 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: None
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 COMPLETION DATE: FY 2001Summary: This strategic objective (SO) improves the Ethiopian Government's capacity for disaster prevention and preparedness at the federal, regional and district level and increases the effectiveness of P.L. 480 Title II food assistance. The objective is focused on preventing and mitigating the vulnerability of Ethiopia's population to crises and responding to prevailing emergency situations. Ethiopia has a long history of famine-related disasters. In the foreseeable future, mitigation, rehabilitation and emergency assistance will need to be continued by both the Government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Food relief continues to play a major role in this response. Even in years with good harvests, there is a gap between food availability and food needs. Studies conducted over the past ten years indicate that up to 4.4 million urban and up to 33.0 million rural Ethiopians do not have enough money from self-employment or wage employment to eat properly. Nearly two-thirds of Ethiopian children 1-3 years of age are moderately to severely malnourished.
Since 1992, USAID's Title II program has expanded non-emergency food programs into areas that have been regular recipients of emergency assistance. In these areas of chronic food deficit, food-assisted development programs are strengthening the economic fabric and resilience of marginal communities. The objective also provides support to the Government's Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Commission (DPPC) to enhance its capacity to anticipate and respond to emergencies through the Strengthening Emergency Response Abilities (SERA) activity. Child Survival and Disease funds of $500,000 (Child Survival) will support these efforts in FY 2001.
Key Results: In FY 2000, the United States provided food assistance of over 800,000 metric tons (MT) valued at $317 million. This included 72,907 MT of commodities valued at $34.8 million of P.L. 480 Title II non-emergency resources, which went to over half a million Ethiopians in the country's chronically food insecure districts, as well as 248,200 MT valued at $106 million in Title II emergency food aid. In addition, the USG provided $14.8 million worth of emergency non-food assistance. Field assessments and nutritional surveys demonstrated that timely delivery of emergency food aid prevented mass migration of people, addressed the needs of those displaced by war, and allowed Ethiopia to avoid a serious humanitarian crisis, all significant results. However, households have been unable to recover lost assets.
The National Guidelines that will lead the development of the Vulnerability Profiles were completed with USAID funding. Vulnerability Profiles will help inform policy makers, planners, donors and relief and development practitioners about the nature and magnitude of factors that make people vulnerable to disaster. This information is essential to design of medium and long-term programs. Basic computer skills training strengthened the regional level capacity. At the federal level, staffs received training on statistical software packages and Geographic Information Systems.
Performance and Prospects: The data analysis, pilot activities, applied research, special studies, and workshops under the SERA activity provide information and alternatives to effectively utilize the annual P.L. 480 Title II program. Title II NGOs get information essential for ensuring that U.S. sponsored food programs: 1) maximize the role women play in household food security, increasing their ability to earn supplemental income while balancing the time requirements of child rearing and responsibilities in the home; 2) promote technically sound and sustainable conservation efforts to arrest soil and water loss to better withstand the stress of cyclic droughts; and, 3) ensure food provided is both nutritionally adequate and properly targeted to improve the health and well-being of vulnerable populations in chronically food-deficient areas. By collecting critical early warning information, the activity expands and improves Ethiopia's ability to assess and prepare for drought.
Prospects for enhancing household food security over the medium term are not good. Since 1997, rainfall has been marginal in many parts of the country, forcing households to use their savings to purchase food. In 1999, drought became even more severe, leading to total crop failure in some areas, much lower harvests in others, and the large-scale die-off of animals, particularly those owned by pastoralists. Climatic shocks and chronic food insecurity resulted in 10 million drought-affected persons in FY 2000. Early warning and significant response from the Government and international donors (led by the United States) averted significant loss of life, and minimized loss of assets. However, it will take several years of good rains to rebuild household savings. Accordingly, USAID expects there to be a continuing need for emergency food as well as non-food assistance well into FY 2002 or longer considering all the factors (e.g., prolonged drought, depletion of assets, a high level of destitution in many areas, and extreme malnutrition in pocket areas) that aggravate food insecurity in Ethiopia.
USAID works with a group of eight U.S. and Ethiopian cooperating sponsors (CSs) to achieve development results with non-emergency Title II resources. Sixty percent of the available Title II non-emergency resources are monetized by the CSs to cover program and operating costs. (Monetization is the process of selling of U.S. agricultural commodities in order to obtain foreign currency to support P.L. 480 development and emergency assistance programs.) The balance covers direct distribution to improve nutrition and undertake food-for-work activities. In the past, program results have lagged behind plans because of problems associated with monetization. Through FY 2000, the CSs have worked on resolving the monetization problems and are exploring options (e.g., alternative commodities, regional or third-country monetization schemes, extended credit terms) to reduce their dependency on the problematic sale of vegetable oil. The Ethiopian Monetization Consortium hired an Executive Monetization manager with experience in international trade, and hired a consulting firm to conduct a study of the current problem and to recommend plausible solutions. In the coming year, the current Monetization Unit will be converted into a Monetization Business Unit. A CS has finalized a two-year business plan to address the problem highlighted above.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: All ongoing activities under this SO not completed by the end of FY 2001 will be subsumed into the new SO 11, Mitigating the Effects of Disaster. This reflects an increased emphasis on preparedness, mitigation and response to natural and man-made disasters.
Other Donor Programs: The United States is the leading overall food aid donor to Ethiopia, followed by the European Union (EU) and the World Food Program supported by other bilateral donors. Coordination between donors providing food aid to Ethiopia and the DPPC is constructive and collaborative. Joint assessments are increasing, and the formulation and implementation of various programs related to food aid management bring together United Nations agencies, donors, NGOs and the DPPC more frequently. Other donors' programs complement the U.S. assistance. The EU funded activities enhance the management capacity of the Ethiopian Food Security Reserve, and Canada's capacity building supports DPPC's Early Warning System.
Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Developmentally oriented Title II programs are implemented by CARE, Catholic Relief Services, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Save the Children Federation/USA, World Vision International, Food for the Hungry International, AFRICARE and the Relief Society of Tigray.
FY 2002 Performance Tables
Performance Measures:
Indicator FY97 (Actual) FY98 (Actual) FY99 (Actual) FY00 (Actual) FY00 (Plan) FY01 (Plan) FY02 (Plan) Indicator 1: Increase in yield for main crops: maize 400.0 NA 448.6 807.2 590.3 810.0 900 Indicator 2: Decrease in percent of children under five who have had diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey 27.0 NA 19.9 20.6 20 16.0 14 Indicator 3: (proxy): Increase in the proportion of households using protected water sources 25.2 26.2 40.0 63 35 67.0 70 Indicator 4: Increase in the proportion of children fully immunized 35.0 26.2 48.7 55 50 55 60 Indicator 5: Increase in yield for main crops: sorghum 4700 NA 448.6 648.2 550 650.0 700 Indicator 6: Increase in yield for main crops: wheat 530.0 NA 641.4 491.7 650 693.2 700 Indicator 7: Increase in yield for main crops: barley 512.0 NA 769.6 770.0 518.3 678.4 680 Indicator Information:
Indicator Level (S) or (IR) Unit of Measure Source Indicator Description Indicator 1: IR KG/ha: maize Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports Increase in yield for 5 (five) major crops in target areas i.e. maize (M), teff (T), wheat (W), barley (B), sorghum (S) Indicator 2: IR Percent Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports NA Indicator 3: IR Percent Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports Protected water sources include tap water, springs, wells and ponds that are protected for human consumption. Indicator 4: IR Percent Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports Proportion of children under 60 months who are fully immunized. Indicator 5: IR KG/ha: sorghum Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports Increase in yield for 5 (five) major crops in target areas i.e. maize (M), teff (T), wheat (W), barley (B), sorghum (S) Indicator 6: IR KG/ha: wheat Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports Increase in yield for 5 (five) major crops in target areas i.e. maize (M), teff (T), wheat (W), barley (B), sorghum (S) Indicator 7: IR KG/ha: barley Cooperating sponsors baseline surveys and annual results reports Increase in yield for 5 (five) major crops in target areas i.e. maize (M), teff (T), wheat (W), barley (B), sorghum(S)
U.S. Financing
(In thousands of dollars)
Obligations Expenditures Unliquidated Through September 30, 1999 2,432 DA 1,102 DA 1,330 DA 600 CSD 0 CSD 600 CSD 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 DFA 0 DFA 0 DFA Fiscal Year 2000 0 DA 906 DA 1,000 CSD 162 CSD 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 DFA 0 DFA Through September 30, 2000 2,432 DA 2,008 DA 424 DA 1,600 CSD 162 CSD 1,438 CSD 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 DFA 0 DFA 0 DFA Prior Year Unobligated Funds 0 DA 0 CSD 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 DFA Planned Fiscal Year 2001 NOA 0 DA 500 CSD 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 DFA Total Planned Fiscal Year 2001 0 DA 500 CSD 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 DFA Future Obligations Est. Total Cost Proposed Fiscal Year 2002 NOA 0 DA 0 DA 2,432 DA 0 CSD 0 CSD 2,100 CSD 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 ESF 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 SEED 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 FSA 0 DFA 0 DFA 0 DFA
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Last Updated on: May 29, 2002 |
