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Azerbaijan
FY 2001 Program Description and Activity Data Sheets
>> Regional Overview >> Colombia Overview FY 2001 Program
USAID's program in Azerbaijan has three central objectives: (1) accelerate development and growth of private small and medium enterprises in agriculture and other targeted areas, with particular focus on building a critical mass of successful SMEs and associations to represent their interests for future sustainability; (2) support for a civil society better organized and represented in areas of law, environment, media, politics, elections, academia, human rights and women’s issues; (3) reduced human suffering in conflict areas, with more emphasis on income-generating projects that lessen dependence on humanitarian assistance.
In addition, the Congress has directed the Administration to provide FY 2000 FREEDOM Support Act (FSA) funds "… for confidence-building measures and other activities in furtherance of the peaceful resolution of the regional conflicts, especially those in the vicinity of Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabagh." USAID missions in the Caucasus region are working with USAID/Washington and the U.S. Department of State Coordinator for the FSA to design and implement such activities.
The U.S. Government will continue to implement activities to assist victims of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In the event of a peace settlement, USAID will provide humanitarian and rehabilitation assistance while expanding overall support for economic restructuring and growth objectives.
Crosscutting and special initiatives include a variety of training programs designed to bolster the capacity of selected Azerbaijani citizens, groups, and institutions to advance the reform process. Increasingly, training will be focused on economics and business development, and related leadership fields. USAID-funded training will continue to be U.S.-based or conducted in country by U.S. implementors, although some third-country training is being promoted. All of these initiatives will be carried out in accordance with Section 907 restrictions. The request for cross cutting and special initiatives also reflects programs implemented by other U.S. Government agencies, such as the U.S. State Department’s training and exchanges and humanitarian transport. As in FY 2000, FREEDOM Support Act funds will be provided in FY 2001 for programs designed to enhance border security and export control capabilities under the Administration’s Expanded Threat Reduction Initiative (ETRI). ETRI assistance is expected to play a role in reducing regional tensions, and contribute to the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction and associated delivery systems, material, technologies, and expertise.
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ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: AZERBAIJAN
TITLE: Accelerated Development and Growth of Private Enterprises, 112-013
PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $5,650,000 FSA
PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $13,013,000 FSA
STATUS: Continuing
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1997 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002Summary: Azerbaijan has made little headway in dismantling the central planning system inherited from the Soviet Union. Privatization and economic restructuring are in their infancy. Industrial enterprises including oil and gas, power generation and various types of manufacturing remain overwhelmingly in state hands. Privatization has occurred in the agricultural sector and slightly more so in retail trade. Officially, the private sector provides 30% – 32% of employment and GDP. In reality, the private sector’s contribution to GDP and employment likely equals the public sector’s, with foreign and informal employment accounting for the remainder. Agriculture is the largest private sector contributor to GDP at 28 percent.
With Section 907 precluding economic assistance to the Government of Azerbaijan (GOAz) and a need to support nascent elements of private enterprise, USAID is proposing in its forthcoming strategy to focus its economic programs on the business support, agribusiness and small and medium enterprise (SME) sectors. This strategic objective is limited to geographic "targeted areas" because of the combination of overall policy and legal environment constraints and resource limitations. The intention is to create a critical mass of financially successful private enterprises and associations of those enterprises so that continued economic growth is sustainable. The impact of achieving this result could multiply under the following possible scenarios: (a) the central government approves of the results and encourages other local authorities to replicate them, or (b) the policy, legal, and regulatory environment improves through donor and central government efforts at reform.
This objective directly benefits small and medium entrepreneurs in Azerbaijan by substantially expanding their access to credit and technical production inputs, and by fostering professional associations that will advocate on their behalf. Indirectly, all Azerbaijan citizens will benefit from the increased economic activity generated by a strong SME sector. This objective supports the U.S. Embassy Mission Performance Plan that identifies the transition to an open market economy in Azerbaijan as a high priority.
Key Results: USAID-funded activities focus on five intermediate results: (1) increased access to production inputs; (2) increased access to credit; (3) increased market responsiveness of enterprises; (4) private membership associations organized; and (5) improved policy/legal/regulatory environment and physical infrastructure supporting small and medium enterprises. While restrictions in the Azerbaijan environment have limited the impact of USAID's program, over 1,000 loans, valuing more than $1.7 million were made to small and micro entrepreneurs during the first two years of the small business lending program (1998-1999).
Performance and Prospects: USAID-financed activities in Azerbaijan over the past six years have been humanitarian in nature, focusing on crisis intervention and critical needs of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). Only during the past two years has USAID become involved in enterprise development and growth activities in a limited way. These modest pilot initiatives have centered on refugees and IDPs, with little measurable impact on the collective vulnerable population. The progress described below is presented within these parameters of the current USAID program.
The focus on the small business sector began in 1998, and has met its modest expectations. ShoreBank provided training to loan officers, credit committees, and management information systems personnel, as well as technical assistance on the loan process, to three private Azerbaijani commercial banks. These banks have received lines of credit totaling $3.4 million from the International Finance Corporation (IFC) for on lending to production firms in amounts of up to $100,000. To date, 25 loans totaling $1,100,300 have been made in this effort to create a small business lending capacity within the private banking sector.
The Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA) has provided micro-enterprises with access to credit. By the end of 1999, FINCA served about 630 clients and disbursed nearly $583,000 based on the group solidarity model of Village Banking. These levels are actually less than half of original targets. Due to taxation issues with the Azeri Government, the FINCA component of the small and micro lending program was forced to suspend operations in June 1999. The U.S. Embassy and USAID are working with the GOAz to resolve this matter.
The Barents Group has conducted a training program for technical and managerial staff of private banks. Working through the Association of Azerbaijan Banks, training in bank management, risk management and basic international accounting standards was given to over 230 officers from 45 banks. Private banks account for only 20% of Azerbaijan’s banks. Given that Section 907 precludes working with government banks, the training has been quite limited. Since the European Union's technical assistance program (EU-TACIS) is planning a similar training project that will be able to work with all banks, USAID is discontinuing this program.
The Citizens Democracy Corps (CDC) began in-country implementation of the Economic and Enterprise Development (EED) Program in September 1999, which supports the development of business support organizations (BSO) and SMEs. The program is designed to: (i) provide training and capacity building to the local suppliers of firm-level technical and managerial assistance; and (ii) establish domestic and international linkages in finance, trade and technology. EED identifies and targets sectors where demand for products and services exists. Plans call for 200 companies to be assisted during the first year of the activity.
In support of small business development, the Agricultural Cooperative Development Institute and the Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance (ACDI/VOCA) provides hands-on technical assistance and intensive training to farmers and farm cooperatives in the areas of production management, business techniques, processing, packaging, marketing and finance. A total of 18 technical experts and agro-processors have traveled to Azerbaijan on two to four-week assignments as part of this Farmer-to-Farmer program, and have reached 3,000 farmers, directly and indirectly. Farm products impacted include honey (production and marketing) and mushrooms (production for domestic and export markets). ACDI/VOCA assisted in creating a food processing system for 2,000 IDPs, 90% of whom are women. The system involved providing technical services and training in high-value fruit and vegetable production, setting up two food processing lines to make preserved products, and marketing these goods. The result of this activity alone has been a 25% rise in income among those participating in the project.
One of the most significant achievements of ACDI/VOCA has been to assist in forming of an indigenous agribusiness consultancy and training firm with an array of technical and business planning skills. This local private enterprise support organization, with a staff of 90, sells its services to farmers, processors and other entrepreneurs in agribusiness, thereby substantially increasing the number small and micro businesses that can access expert advice.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: USAID will be submitting a new program strategy for assistance to Azerbaijan during spring 2000. The lifting of restrictions in Section 907 of the Foreign Assistance Act would allow the implementation of a policy reform and support program to the Government of Azerbaijan. Technical assistance and training opportunities could be provided to select Ministries of the government to support reforms and institutional strengthening in such areas as tax and fiscal policy, accounting, capital markets, banking supervision, and customs and commercial law. Lifting restrictions would permit delivery of this very complementary and highly supportive assistance for developing the private sector.
Other Donor Programs: The World Bank has identified agriculture as a priority sector and is supporting programs in farm restructuring/privatization, infrastructure rehabilitation (e.g., irrigation systems) and credit. The European Union is concentrating on banking and marketing in the grain and bread industries. Also, the International Islamic Relief Organization, the International Rescue Committee, OXFAM, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies are funding income-generation projects, mostly agribusiness-based, and primarily targeted at IDPs and refugees.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: USAID-sponsored activities are implemented by ShoreBank (bank strengthening for small business lending), FINCA (micro-credit), the Eurasia Foundation (small grants and loans), ACDI/VOCA (agribusiness technical assistance and training), and CDC (development of business support organizations and SMEs).
Selected Performance Measures:
Baseline Actual
(1998)Target
(1999)Target
(2000)Target
(2001)Number of Strengthened Financial Institutions
3(1997) 3 3 3 4
Number of SME Loans
195 (1997) 367 1384 4373 6559
Value of SME Loans ($000s)
317 (1997)
577 2567 2246 3369
Sales volume of fertilizers (tons)
3 (1999) * * 5 7 Sales Volume of Improved Seeds (Kilograms) 300 (1999) * * 500 1000 __
*These indicators are being introduced in FY 2000 as a result of the USAID strategic planning. Thus baseline is established in FY 1999 and the first target is for FY 2000.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: AZERBAIJAN
TITLE: Civil Society Better Organized and Represented, 112-021
PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $4,250,000 FSA
PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $10,250,000 FSA
STATUS: Continuing
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002Summary: This strategic objective seeks to lay the basic foundation for citizen participation in Azerbaijan. USAID limited the scope of this objective because of the long-standing authoritarian government ruling the country.
Domestic instability and the consolidation of executive power has slowed Azerbaijan’s post-independence progress toward democratic governance. The political system in Azerbaijan is highly centralized, with decision-making largely concentrated in the hands of an already constitutionally strong presidency. Limited press freedom, a nominally independent judiciary and legislature, and a weak civil society constitute an ineffective counterweight to a powerful executive branch. In addition, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh has impeded the development of democratic and legal reforms by diverting attention and resources from the task of building a democratically oriented nation.
USAID-funded activities are primarily targeted at citizens and citizens' groups that can benefit from the training and expertise provided by international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), with the expectation that these civil society groups will become more engaged in public advocacy activities such as combating the corruption that prevails throughout the country.
This objective also seeks to improve the environment in which these citizen groups operate through technical assistance to the Central Election Commission (CEC) to improve election administration, as well as training for election officials and judges, and voter education.
In mid-1999, a USAID-funded assessment of the environment for rule of law activities led to the decision to limit the scale of the legal reform program initially proposed for start-up in FY 2000. For now, limited legal reform activities will be implemented under this civil society objective with a focus on increasing citizen respect for legal systems through non-governmental organizations and associations. Implementation of a more comprehensive rule of law objective is open to reconsideration when conditions change in Azerbaijan.
The direct beneficiaries of USAID's assistance are journalists, lawyers, environmental and social NGOs, political parties, professional associations, scholars, and human rights and women's advocacy groups.
Key Results: USAID-funded activities focus on three intermediate results: (1) issue-based, formal and informal associations/advocacy groups are organized and active; (2) legal policy and political advocacy environment supports civil society and media development; and (3) increased access to objective and varied information. Progress under this objective is measured in small, incremental steps. An indicator to track performance of limited rule of law activities will be identified later in CY 2000.
Performance and Prospects: The most successful area of performance has been in supporting the development of advocacy groups, with expectations of about 50 new groups initiating activities per year. USAID's principal contributions in democracy building have been in the areas of independent media and NGO strengthening. Support for election administration and political party development has been provided through grants to U.S. NGOs such as Internews, Initiative for Social Action and Renewal in Eurasia (ISAR), International Foundation for Election Systems (IFES), National Democratic Institute (NDI), International Republican Institute (IRI), American Bar Association (ABA), and Eurasia Foundation. Performance of USAID activities in democracy have generally met modest expectations. While the October 1998 Presidential election fell short of international standards for democratic elections, it still represented an improvement over previous elections.
Elections: The major political event during 1998 was the October 11, presidential election. Because Section 907 permits democracy-related assistance to the GOAz, USAID activities in Azerbaijan expanded in FY 1998 to support the electoral process. The international delegation of election observers noted "serious flaws" both during the election and pre-election periods, including ballot box stuffing, government control of election commissioners, and intimidation of observers. As a consequence, the electoral process "fell short of standards of democratic elections." However, the delegation also praised the GOAz for an improved election law, abolition of the state censorship body, and provision of media access to presidential candidates. USAID grantees were instrumental in many of the positive aspects of the 1998 elections. Among the key amendments to the original flawed election law that was included as a result of USAID-funded expertise was the mandate to include opposition political party representatives as members of the Central Election Commission (CEC). Through various local organizations, NDI conducted seminars on the basic principles of democratic elections, Azerbaijani voters' rights, and the new presidential election law. IFES provided technical assistance to the (CEC) on voter education campaigns and trained most of the CEC's territorial chairmen. To ensure effective monitoring of the elections, IFES developed the Presidential Election Guide for Poll Workers, and NDI supported the Azerbaijan Civic Initiative Group's (ACI) efforts to monitor and report on the election process. ACI's Final Report on the October 11 Presidential Elections detailed the frequency, severity, and geographical distribution of election violations.
NGO Development: ISAR continued to provide small grants, technical assistance and training to environmental and social NGOs. As a result of this and other donor assistance, approximately 150 operating NGOs were working in different sectors in Azerbaijan by the end of 1998. Nevertheless, many problems continue for NGOs, particularly in registration. Members of NGOs and ISAR are providing advice on the elaboration of a new NGO law that is expected during the coming year.
Media: Internews provided training to television and radio reporters in such areas as news reporting, TV management, TV production, and equipment loans. With support from various USAID grantees, an indigenous press association has been actively working with the Azerbaijani Parliament in an effort to amend the Law on Media that is vague and limits print media activity.
Training: Through the Academy for Educational Development (AED), USAID has funded U.S.-based training for journalists, commercial lawyers, human rights activists and lawyers, and political party officials --- several of whom hold important positions in Azerbaijan's embryonic civil society. Anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that returnees frequently become actively engaged citizens.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: Despite the many difficulties of working in Azerbaijan, USAID believes it is essential to remain engaged in supporting the development of democracy. USAID will be submitting a new program strategy for assistance to Azerbaijan during the spring of 2000. With the Section 907 carve-out in democracy, if funding permits, USAID plans to broaden its activities into the judicial and local governance areas; and put more attention on promoting an improved legal and regulatory environment for NGOs and independent media.
Other Donor Programs: Complementary efforts to promote steps towards democratic progress are being closely coordinated with the World Bank, the Soros Foundation, the United Nations, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the European Union.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Internews works with independent television stations to strengthen basic reporting and editing skills and their technical capacity for specialized reporting, such as campaign or election coverage. NDI and IRI work with a variety of political and non-political organizations to promote citizens’ participation in the electoral process, while IFES provides assistance and training to the Central Election Commission and other election officials; as well as voter education. The NGO strengthening program is being implemented by the (ISAR), which provides training and small grants to local environmental and social sector NGOs with an emphasis on capacity building. Eurasia Foundation awards grants in the areas of rule of law, association building, and media support. ABA/CEELI recently opened a liaison office in Azerbaijan, and is working to promote development and enactment of a Law on the Bar. Academy for Educational Development implements USAID participant training programs across all democratic areas, while the Public Diplomacy section of the U.S. Department of State (formerly the United States Information Agency) provides democracy-related training and exchange programs.
Selected Performance Measures:
Baseline Actual
(1998)Target
(1999)Target
(2000)Target
(2001)Number of issue-based advocacy groups
100(1997) 150 200 250 270 Amendments to the election law passed and implemented
No (1997) Yes Yes Yes Yes
Amendments to the Law on Media** (a) drafted; (b) passed
(a) No
(b) No (1997)
(a) Yes
(b) No
---
(b) Yes
---
---
---
---
Percentage of the 20 largest cities with daily local news broadcast by non-government TV or radio stations
30% (1997) 35% 38% 40% 45% __
*Performance measures for activities related to legal reform are being developed.
**Once "yes" achieved, this indicator will be discontinued for reporting purposes.
ACTIVITY DATA SHEET
PROGRAM: AZERBAIJAN
TITLE: Reduced Human Suffering in Conflict-Affected Areas, 112-031
PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $7,500,000 FSA
PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND FUNDING SOURCE: $11,737,000 FSA
STATUS: Continuing
INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1993 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002
Summary: This strategic objective, Reduced Human Suffering in Conflict-Affected Areas, contributes to Azerbaijan’s transition to a market-oriented, democratic society by promoting actions that address urgent humanitarian needs, develop community self-reliance, and maintain the capacity to respond to and manage future crises. Over 700,000 refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) remain in Azerbaijan under difficult conditions, as a result of the continued dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh (NK). With regard to the population's general welfare, as elsewhere in the former Soviet Union, the decline of the centrally planned system and transition toward a free-market economy have been accompanied by widespread hardship. The majority of citizens have experienced a steep slide in living standards. Fewer and fewer people have access to decent, affordable medical care, while an array of long-standing environmental problems has contributed to a decline in overall public health. Priority beneficiaries of humanitarian assistance continue to be IDPs residing in the Yevlakh, Geranboy, Barda, Ter-Ter, Agdam, Fizuli, Agjabedi, Beylagan, and Imishli regions of Azerbaijan, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, and the areas in and around Baku, where significant numbers of IDPs are concentrated. Other vulnerable groups whose livelihoods and access to basic needs were disrupted by conflict will also be helped by this objective. Increasingly, assistance is oriented to helping the vulnerable populations acquire the means to lessen their dependence on foreign aid, through such activities as small-scale income generation projects. This objective contributes to the U.S. Embassy Mission Performance Plan by helping to stabilize the domestic environment and enable targeted communities become more self-sufficient.
Key Results: USAID, in partnership with other donors have responded to the humanitarian needs of 700,000 refugees and IDPs and reduced their suffering through the provision of emergency food, health, and shelter. With the crisis now stabilized, assistance is being reoriented to help the vulnerable groups targeted by this objective improve their economic and social conditions. As a result of USAID's strategic planning process, two major results are now being sought under this objective: (1) vulnerable communities better able to meet their own needs; and (2) donor capacity to respond to crises is maintained. New indicators have also been introduced to track performance. USAID will consider this revised objective to have been met when improvements in the health, nutritional, and poverty status of vulnerable groups in conflict-affected areas are being achieved.
Performance and Prospects: USAID has played a leading role in providing humanitarian and transitional assistance to vulnerable civilians affected by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, primarily IDPs. USAID support of the multilateral feeding activities of the World Food Programme (WFP) has provided that crucial margin of supplemental calories necessary to prevent widespread malnutrition. Efforts to refine beneficiary lists, striving to ensure that recipients only are on one list and not several, also have contributed to information gathering on the needs of IDPs and helped ensure close cooperation among organizations distributing food. The WFP currently provides food to approximately 180,000 beneficiaries.
An extensive network of mobile and fixed health clinics has provided basic primary health care to approximately 400,000 people, with nearly 30,000 patients seen each month. The private Azeri doctors and nurses who provide most of these services have benefited from training and exposure to modern health care practices. Recently, more of this work has been shifted to government facilities, with the added benefit of providing training to government physicians to enable them to provide this humanitarian assistance. Through coordination with UNICEF (which also receives significant USAID funding), these health programs have increased the rate of immunization within their program service areas. Although the health of many IDPs remains precarious, serious outbreaks of disease have been prevented.
Housed initially in run-down public buildings and tent camps, significant numbers of IDPs now have access to minimally adequate housing and sanitation facilities due to USAID-funded programs. Most of the public buildings housing IDPs in Baku and Sumgait have received emergency safety, health, and sanitation-related renovations, improving the lives of the nearly 115,000 residents of those 700 buildings. In rural areas, activities have provided 6,510 mud-brick shelters, latrines, and potable water to approximately 30,000 people. These beneficiaries were concentrated in two large tent camps and in numerous small roadside impromptu settlements.
Shelter programs have included a significant community development component. Recipients have done much of the work themselves and have established community organizations to address their problems.
Progress in the economic opportunity sector of this SO has been more limited. The deterioration of economic conditions in Azerbaijan over the past 18 months, especially in rural areas, has made it more difficult for small-businesses to survive. Still, over 2,980 loans have been made through USAID activities, enabling entrepreneurs to establish small businesses, provide for their families, and to hire employees. More importantly, the areas where these activities have been carried out, have received experience in small business lending, helping to lay the groundwork for future development activities. In addition, USAID has assisted vulnerable populations in urban areas through micro-credit programs that provide income and opportunity through urban-based activities.
Possible Adjustments to Plans: The humanitarian situation is stabilized and the Government of Azerbaijan is showing increased interest in programming to support the resettlement and integration of IDPs. To take advantage of this window of opportunity, USAID will increasingly turn its efforts towards supporting self-sufficiency among IDPs through economic opportunity and community mobilization activities. This focus will be detailed in a new USAID program strategy that will be submitted in spring 2000. In the event of significant movement in the peace process leads to improved prospects for resettlement, USAID would adjust ongoing activities to provide necessary, multi-sectoral support.
Other Donor Programs: Several other foreign donors have funded humanitarian relief programs that have made a critical difference in the lives of IDPs. Major donors include the Netherlands, Germany, Britain, Iran, Turkey, Norway, Sweden, the European Community Humanitarian Organization (ECHO), Pakistan, and a number of United Nations’ agencies. These donors have channeled their aid through bilateral arrangements directly to non-governmental organizations and to UN agencies such as the World Food Program, UN High Commission for Refugees, and UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). For example, with a grant from USAID, UNICEF distributed spare parts for cold chain equipment, implemented immunization activities with the collaboration of private voluntary organizations, raised awareness of the Expanded Program of Immunizations by distributing printed posters, and developed modules for Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses. ECHO has been a significant donor to Azerbaijan relief efforts but recently announced its intention to phase-out future support.
Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: The primary U.S. NGOs operating in Azerbaijan are Mercy Corps International, Save the Children, the United Methodist Committee on Relief, CARE, Adventist Development and Relief Agency, World Vision, International Rescue Committee, Relief International, and Children’s Aid Direct.
Selected Performance Measures*:
Baseline Actual
(1998)Target
(1999)Target
(2000)Target
(2001)Infant Mortality Rate (in conflict affected areas)
19.8%(1997) 19.6% 18% 16% 14% Percentage of Population In Poverty(in conflict affected areas)
* * 68% 65% 60% Number of Community Action Projects
(0(1998)
*
40
100
300
__
*These indicators are being introduced this year, and replace those identified earlier, because they are considered more direct measures of program impact. "Percentage of population in poverty" and "number of community action projects" better capture the community self-reliance aspect of this objective.
EXPLANATION FOR SPECIAL INITIATIVES and CROSS-CUTTING OBJECTIVES
Title: Special Initiatives, 112-041
Planned FY 2000 Obligation and Funding Source: $12,360,000 FSA
Proposed FY 2001 Obligation and Funding Source: $15,560,000 FSASummary: This objective includes all of the 632 allocations and transfers to other USG entities. The majority of funding in this objective goes to the State Department for public diplomacy, humanitarian transport, international narcotics and law enforcement programs. Other recipients include the Departments of Commerce and Customs.
USAID activities under this objective meet criteria outlined in Agency guidance for special objectives or interests. That is, they are of limited scope and/or duration and respond to particular windows of opportunity. For USAID/Azerbaijan, these activities generally support health care improvement and civil society programs.
Cross-cutting Programs, 112-042
Planned FY 2000 Obligation and Funding Source: $1,000,000 FSA
Proposed FY 2001 Obligation and Funding Source: $4,000,000 FSASummary: This objective is designed to accommodate activities that make significant contributions to more than one objective. The activities included in this objective for Azerbaijan are the exchanges and training program and the EURASIA Foundation.
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Last Updated on: February 01, 2001 |
