Ethiopia

FY 2001 Program Description and Activity Data Sheets

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FY 2001 Program FY2001 Child Survival and Disease (CSD) funds will be used to continue on-going programs in basic education and integrated primary health care (PPHC), including childhood immunization and HIV/AIDS prevention programs. FY2001 CSD funds will also be used to support enhanced nutrition activities USAID expects to develop during FY2000. FY2001 population funds will also support PPHC activities. In particular, population funds will support contraceptive procurement, information, education and communication activities in the areas of reproductive health and family planning, and strengthening the capacity of NGOs working on reproductive health and family planning. Other FY2001 funds will be used to continue activities in judicial reform, Ethiopian NGO strengthening, and decentralization of government. These funds will also be used to expand the applied, on-farm food and agriculture research activities begun in FY2000 and to begin to promote the use of the research results by rural household in the chronically food insecure districts of the Amhara Region and elsewhere as appropriate. FY2001 Title II non-emergency resources will be better integrated with USAID's on-going agriculture and health programs. [an error occurred while processing this directive] ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: Ethiopia TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Availability of Selected Domestically Produced Food Grain Crops, 663-001 PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $3,667,000 (DA) PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $7,158,000 (DFA) STATUS: Continuing INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2006 Summary: USAID's 20-year goal is to contribute to the efforts of the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (GFDRE) to reduce high levels of chronic food insecurity. Approximately 40% of the country's rural households do not produce enough food or income to meet their basic nutritional needs. Estimated per capita food consumption during the harvest season averages between 1.9 and 2.0 kilocalories per day, falling to 1.7 and 1.8 kilocalories per day prior to harvest. Assessing food insecurity in terms of the Agency's performance goals, it is important to note that the percentage of Ethiopian children under the age of five who are also underweight is substantially higher than the average for sub-Saharan and all USAID-assisted countries (approximately 48% versus 30% and 36% respectively). Moreover, the population growth rate in Ethiopia exceeds the agricultural growth rate suggesting an increasing food insecurity problem in the future. Among the factors associated with chronic food insecurity in Ethiopia are inefficient agricultural practices, declining soil fertility, recurrent drought, poor water conservation practices, insufficient access to land, insecure land tenure, and limited non-farm income opportunities. In FY1999, USAID re-structured its food and agricultural development program around the problem of chronic food insecurity. Its program now focuses on increasing 1) rural household production and productivity; and 2) the efficiency of agricultural markets. Planned intermediate results related to increasing the efficiency of agricultural markets are: 1) integration and stability of food markets increased; 2) competition in agricultural input and output markets increased; and 3) factor markets established and functioning in rural areas. Key Results: The USAID-supported, Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance (VOCA) pilot cooperative development program in the Oromiya region facilitated the restructuring of 98 farmer cooperatives into business-oriented enterprises with democratically elected Boards of Directors. In addition, five cooperative unions (whose members are farmer cooperatives) have been established to take advantage of economies of scale with regard to input (primarily fertilizer) purchase, crop marketing, and the provision of tractor services. Farmer cooperatives in the region supplied 29,081 metric tons (MT) of fertilizer and 245 MT of improved seed to their members in 1999, and 36 of these cooperatives paid over $60,000 in dividends to their members. The five cooperative unions generated profits in excess of $22,000, and paid over $10,000 in dividends to their members. Under a second activity, VOCA trained 62 agricultural input retailers in business management and accounting to improve their ability to provide competitively priced inputs to farmers. Of those trained, 95% are currently using modern accounting methods, 45% have diversified and modernized their businesses, and 91% have reported substantial reductions in storage losses. Performance and Prospects: Prospects for future performance have significantly improved as agreement has been reached with the GFDRE on the framework for USAID support to the national food security program. The operational design of specific activities support agricultural research and extension and microenterprise development, with an initial focus on the Amhara region, is underway and activity implementation is expected to begin during FY2000. During the past year selected activities supporting agricultural cooperative development and agricultural input retailer training, performed exceptionally well. Based on the success of these efforts, the support program has been expanded to the Amhara, Southern Peoples, and Tigray Regions. Possible Adjustments to Plans: USAID will focus its restructured agricultural development program initially on the chronically food insecure woredas (districts) of the Amhara Region and in the pastoralist areas along the Ethiopia-Kenya border. In this context, USAID expects to give increased attention to nutrition. USAID also expects to enhance its support for agricultural statistics, focusing on updating the sample frame, testing an improved sampling methodology, updating data processing methods, and staff training in preparation for a National Agricultural Census. Once preparations are satisfactorily completed, USAID expects to support the conduct of the Census. In addition, the GFDRE has finalized a proposal for a follow-on to the market price information system, which we also expect to support. USAID is involved in discussions regarding the establishment of a National Agricultural Information System (NAIS), and will consider additional support to test elements of the system related to the collection and dissemination of crop production and market price information. Other Donor Programs: The United States is an active participant, along with Canada, the United Kingdom's Department of International Development, the European Union, Germany, Italy, the World Bank, and the World Food Program in supporting elements of the GFDRE food security program. The World Bank is the primary donor for agricultural research programs. Canada will support capacity building for small-scale irrigation schemes in selected regions. Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance, Winrock International, and several of the Collaborative Research Support Programs to be determined. Selected Performance Measures: Baseline (1997) Actual (1998) Actual (1999) Target (2000) Target (2001) Volume of inputs (tons) marketed through Cooperatives 3,500 11,293 8,807 15,000 20,000 Volume of crops (tons) marketed through Cooperatives 5,000 5,836 13,860 15,000 30,000 Value of dividends ($000s) paid by Cooperatives 10 5.26 26.17 40 100 U.S. Finance Table (Microsoft Excel file) ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: Ethiopia TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Use of Primary and preventive Health Care Services, 663-002 PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $12,650,000 (CSD), $5,900,000 (DA) PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $12,575,000 (CSD), $6,600,000 (DFA) STATUS: Continuing INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2003 Summary: Ethiopia lags behind other sub-Saharan and USAID-assisted countries on almost all of the Agency's performance goals. The mortality rate of Ethiopia's under-five year old children is 19% higher than the average for sub-Saharan countries and almost twice as high as that for USAID-assisted countries. The percentage of births attended by medically trained personnel in Ethiopia is less than half the average for sub-Saharan countries and about one-third that for USAID-assisted countries. Ethiopia's maternal mortality rate, estimated to be 1,400/1,000,000 live births is substantially higher than the average for sub-Saharan countries and about three times higher than that for USAID-assisted countries. Ethiopia's total fertility rate (6.9) is the higher than the average for sub-Saharan countries (5.9) and about twice the level for that of USAID-assisted countries. Finally, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia is significantly above the average for other sub-Saharan and USAID-assisted countries. Each of these problems can be addressed through preventive, primary health care (PPHC). Hence, USAID's focus on increasing the use of PPHC services. Activities will focus on increasing resources dedicated to the health sector, particularly primary and preventive health care; increasing access to and demand for modern contraceptives in focus areas; enhancing capacity of Ethiopian society to expand access to and use of STI/HIV/AIDS services in response to the epidemic; and increasing use of PPHC services in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). FY 2001 Child Survival and Disease (CSD) funds will be used to continue implementation of the on-going integrated Primary and Preventive Health Care Services program which includes a major effort to eradicate polio, build the capacity of the health care system to implement micronutrient programs with an emphasis on Vitamin A, and strengthen the capacity of health professional training institutes to improve the quality of health workers. FY 2001 CSD funds will also be used to support enhanced nutrition and infectious disease activities, including activities to strengthen HIV/AIDS surveillance systems and training for service providers to better manage STI/HIV/AIDS. FY 2001 Development Assistance (DA) funds will be used to procure condoms, support family life education and strengthen the capacity of NGOs and the public sector to provide reproductive health activities. Key Results: The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (GFDRE) has continued to increase the level of public resources available for PPHC, up an average of 11% annually over the past three years. Within the SNNPR, the rate of fully vaccinated infants (12-23 months) increased to 67.8% from a baseline of 39% in 1995. Couple years protection (CYP) has increased to over 350,000 this fiscal year from a baseline of about 100,000 in FY1995. Performance and Prospects: FY 1999 figures are not available currently because calculations are done in accordance with the Ethiopian fiscal year. However, the performance of this objective during FY1998 was encouraging. Prior to FY1999, non-project assistance (NPA) to support budgetary reforms as well as project assistance towards better sectoral planning and budget development have been provided. Results include: 1) a shift in the GFRDE's budget so that the share of health sector allocations increased from 5.8% in FY1995 to 6.3% in FY1998; 2) a shift within the health budget in favor of PPHC resulting in an 11% annual increase of resources allocated to it over the past three years; and 3) the Council of Ministers approved a new Health Care Financing Strategy, which includes such recommendations as revised fee structures, retention at the facility level, and increased private sector investment in the health sector. Furthermore, as a result of NPA conditionality, the GFDRE approved a National HIV/AIDS policy and the SNNPR government increased regional budget allocations for non-salary recurrent items by more than 10% this fiscal year over the last. Performance in the area of reproductive health has also been encouraging. Ministry of Health service statistics indicates that steady progress was made in increasing the national contraceptive prevalence rate currently standing at 10%. Increased access to modern family planning services through support to local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has been crucial in the increase in CYPs. To date, in 1999, the private sector marketed over 40 million condoms and over one million cycles of oral contraceptives, both of which contribute to the increase in CYP. In one of the focus areas under the reproductive health NGOs supported by USAID through Pathfinder International, sharp increases in contraceptive prevalence rate (36.7% vs. a baseline of 4.1%), antenatal care (86.8% vs. a baseline of 62.2%), tetanus toxoid vaccination (93% vs. a baseline of 65.8%) occurred. Additionally, the knowledge of contraceptive methods in this project area has reached 94% against 65.8% in non-project areas. In the area of HIV/AIDS, an aggressive prevention program has been started through Pathfinder International. The main focus this fiscal year has been information, education and communication (IEC) strategies through religious organizations such as the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. It is estimated that eight million Ethiopians have been reached by this program already and, with 50% of Ethiopians being members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, its potential to reach substantially higher numbers in the coming year is great. Advocacy activities have also been undertaken which has resulted in an increased awareness and commitment by high-level policy makers including the President of Ethiopia. To date, activities in the SNNPR have focused on strengthening the regional government's capacity to provide services and to revitalize community health services. Achievements include: 1) preliminary development of a Health Management Information Systems as well as training for 60 people on the new systems; 2) development of curricula for the training institutes to provide PPHC training and training 679 health workers from various zones and woredas on PPHC topics; 3) training of trainers for core members to strengthen the health and financial management capacity of the Regional Health Bureau who have in turn trained 90 accountants selected from health facilities, and zonal health offices; and 4) rehabilitation of community health posts, refurbishment of small water systems and training of community health workers and traditional birth attendants. Achievements in the SNNPR this fiscal year also include: a) 54% of children (12-23 months) "fully vaccinated," including measles, polio and three doses of DPT; and b) 43% and 10.2% of reproductive age women received antenatal care and modern family planning services, respectively. Possible Adjustments to Plans: With the new contractor just on board, there may be possibility of extending the life of the Essential Services for Health in Ethiopia activity for an additional 18 months. This will give the contractor the necessary time to complete the activities. As part of USAID's strategic plan review exercise, the SO team will be considering new activities in the areas of nutrition and infectious diseases. USAID will also have to consider the impact on its planned activities of reduced donor assistance to the health sector because of the Ethio-Eritrean border conflict. Other Donor Programs: USAID works collaboratively with the GFDRE and other donors to implement an ambitious, $600 million Health Sector Development Program (HSDP). Other major donors in health sector include the World Bank, African Development Bank, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, UNICEF, the United Nations Family Planning Association and the World Health Organization. USAID is the only bilateral donor to sit on the Central Joint Steering Committee for the HSDP and the parallel Education Sector Development Program. The United States is the largest bilateral donor to this sector, followed by the Italy and the Netherlands. WHO and UNICEF are the two major international organizations supporting this sector. Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: John Snow, Pathfinder, Population Service International, and the Consortium of Family Planning NGOs in Ethiopia. Selected Performance Measures: Baseline (1995) Actual (1998) Target (1999) Target (2000) Target (2001) Modern Contraceptive Prevalence Rate 2% 10% 11% 10% 14% Health as a percent of national budget 5.8% 6.2% 6.2% 6.2% 7% Number of condoms (millions) distributed annually 20 32 36 46 50 Proportion of children (12-23 months) fully vaccinated in SNNPR 39% 68% 75% 80% 85% U.S. Finance Table (Microsoft Excel file) ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: Ethiopia TITLE AND NUMBER: Quality and Equity Improved in an Expanded System of Primary Education, 663-003 PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $12,149,000 (CSD) PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $12,149,000 (CSD) STATUS: Continuing INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1995; ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002 Summary: When the Basic Education System Overhaul (BESO) project was initiated in 1994, only 20% of the eligible boys and girls were enrolled in the Ethiopian primary schools with the enrollment of girls being much lower than that of boys. Fifty percent of the students who enrolled in primary school dropped out before completing third grade, in contrast to the average 70% in sub-Saharan countries and 79% for USAID-assisted countries. Quality suffered because teachers and school directors were largely untrained; the curriculum was too complex, lacked a focus on basic literacy and numeracy, and was largely irrelevant to rural life. Education was also severely under-funded with almost no resources available for textbooks and new or rehabilitated schools, and the system lacked the analytic and planning capabilities needed to maximize results from limited resources. The purpose of this strategic objective, therefore, is to improve the quality and equity of primary education in an expanded system by improving education sector policy, financing, and decentralized administration, and improving the supply of critical inputs such as teachers, curricula, and books. Activities will concentrate on: improving the primary school environment and foster increased learning, particularly for girls; providing more effective school-level inputs in a more efficient manner; improving the quality and equity of pre-service teacher training; strengthening the decentralized management and administration of primary education; and improving sector financing through increased and better utilized budgets. Key Results: Female repetition rates in roughly 60% of the 1,000 primary schools participating in the community-schools grants program fell below the national Grade 4 average of 11%. The quality of instructional materials developed by the curriculum centers of the program's focus regions (the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples [SNNPR] and Tigray Regions) are the most student centered. Studies on six critical policy issues were completed, disseminated and considered by regional and national educational officials. Performance and Prospects: Performance over the last year continues to be encouraging despite the border conflict. The Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (GFDRE) has resolved to maintain its commitment to the non-project assistance (NPA) program despite the U.S. hold on releases. Financial allocation to education remains the largest share of its overall national budget, almost 18% in 1998/1999, the same level as in the previous year. Within the education budget, primary education has also continued to increase its share from 47% in the base year (1994/1995) to 54% in 1997/1998, the latest figure on record. The over 1,000 schools involved in the BESO community-school grants program (CSGP) component have reduced female repetition rates, made school environments conducive to female students, and established closer relationships between participating schools and communities. In-service training for teachers and head teachers has continued to be given in 112 site-based model schools with thousand of teachers benefiting. Capacity building in curriculum development and evaluation methods has continued with the Curriculum Departments of BESO focus regions claiming the best curriculum centers in the country. BESO focus regions (Tigray and the SNNPR) are now using improved data, including a USAID-initiated Geographic Information System (GIS), for planning school rehabilitation and expansion. They have also continued to emphasize educational research and innovative ideas to improve their education development efforts. The Ministry of Education and the two focus regions are also making use of the minimum primary schooling standards to monitor progress on quality objectives. Teacher training methods and facilities are improving, with female trainees receiving increased attention. Planning and policy analysis techniques are improving, including the use of school location mapping, and are being used to make informed policy decisions. BESO sponsored six critical policy studies, including a financial projection model, which is to be adopted for each region's use this year. A national girls retention study was highly acclaimed and became the foundation document for a national conference on education for girls. Possible Adjustments to Plans: Since BESO was initiated, the GFDRE has developed a new focused Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) whose objectives are to improve overall educational attainment of the population with greater social equity, and to achieve universal basic education by 2015. These objectives are compatible with those of BESO, and USAID funded activities are now fully integrated with the national program. A review of BESO activities was undertaken to define future directions of USAID-support for basic education. As a result, USAID may focus on few sector areas where BESO has been particularly successful, e.g., teacher training and educational administration, and expand its horizons to more regions. Adjustments of the BESO Framework are likely. Because of the border conflict with Eritrea, implementation of BESO activities have been slowed in Tigray and implementation schedules adjusted. Other Donor Programs: The United States is the largest bilateral donor in basic education. Other donors supporting primary education include the World Bank, UNICEF, Sweden, Germany, Finland and Ireland. Italy is developing a sector assistance program and is exploring ways to develop a coordinated approach with USAID. Most other donors have limited their support to existing projects; new initiatives have been placed on hold due to the on-going border conflict. USAID, as the only bilateral member of the GFDRE-led Central Joint Steering Committee responsible for implementation of ESDP and a similar program in the health sector, represents bilateral donor interests to the GFDRE. Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Academy for Educational Development, World Learning, Inc., and Tigray Development Association (an Ethiopian NGO). Selected Performance Measures: Baseline (1998) Actual (1998) Target (1999) Target (2000) Target (2001) Primary school graduation examination raw scores 1  Tigray  SNNPR 51% 43%   54% 41% 55% 42% 60% 49% Primary school female enrollment rates  Tigray  SNNPR 38% 17% 50.2%2 31% 46% 32% 47% 34% 48% 37% Share of females in Grade 4  Tigray  SNNPR 42% 28% 46.7% 28.6% 48% 36% 49% 38% 50% 46% 1 1998 actual data is not available. 2 Performance exceeded the 1998 target of 44%. U.S. Finance Table (Microsoft Excel file) ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: Ethiopia TITLE AND NUMBER: Increased Access to and Participation in a Democratic System, 663-004 PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $500,000 (CSD), $1,872,000 (DA) PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $1,936,000 (DFA) STATUS: Continuing INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1992 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: FY 2002 Summary: USAID began its democracy and governance support activities in Ethiopia shortly after the downfall of the dictatorial Derg regime in 1991. Today, Ethiopia is about as "free" as the average for all USAID-assisted countries (a score of 2 on the Freedom House Index versus 2.1), but its "civil liberties" score, related to rule of law and human rights issues, trails that of other USAID-assisted countries (a score of 5 versus 4.3). * The purpose of this Strategic Objective is to nurture the success of Ethiopia's new federal democratic system, consistent with the current Mission Performance Plan goal to "strengthen democratic institutions and respect for human rights encouraging internal and external reconciliation in the aftermath of Ethiopia's conflict with Eritrea." Activities focus on effective and participatory decentralization, especially with regard to effective and transparent public resource allocation and management systems (i.e., budget, accounting and public investment planning) at the federal and regional levels; strengthened judicial systems; and organized societal participation to advance community interests strengthened. Key Results: The number of Ethiopian NGOs receiving institutional strengthening assistance increased by 35 to a total of 85 in FY1999. A new public investment program, linking planned capital investments to recurrent costs over a three-year planning horizon, was developed by the Ministry of Finance with USAID support. The judicial training program was revamped and training will resume in FY2000 after an 18-month hiatus. Performance and Prospects: Progress in decentralization continues to meet or exceed expectations. Backlogs in accounting were eliminated at the federal level and reduced to an average of 1.5 years from as much as four years at the regional level. At the same time, the accounting system was overhauled and in-service training in the revised system of accounting commenced at the federal level and in the regions. The Ministry of Finance, USAID's prime partner, in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, developed a public investment program (PIP) which for the first time links planned capital investment with recurrent expenditure over a three year planning horizon. The PIP was developed at the national level in FY1998 and will be pilot-tested at the regional level in FY2000. FY1998 also saw significant progress on the re-design, in collaboration with the Supreme Court of Ethiopia, of a very successful emergency training program for under-qualified judges during FY1997. Although no judicial training took place during FY1998, it is expected to resume in February 2000. Good results were obtained in civil society organizations. Through PACT, USAID has provided capacity building support to 85 local NGOs involved in activities related to food security, health, education, democracy and governance, orphans and street children. USAID support has also helped NGOs form networks in such areas as micro-finance, education, and help for street children. Possible Adjustments to Plans: National and regional elections are scheduled for May 2000. Accordingly, USAID will provide assistance to the National Election Board designed to enhance its capacity to administer the elections. USAID also expects to provide support for voter education programs through local NGOs. With regard to judicial strengthening, USAID's emphasis will shift from short-term, emergency training of judges in the regional courts to one which responds to the stated needs of Supreme and High Court judges to improve their professional capabilities through in-service training and the provision of professional materials. Training of judges will take place in their respective regions during 2000, to be followed in 2001-2002 by the establishment of an institutionalized system for the training of judges in a sustained and sustainable manner. Other Donor Programs: USAID activities in democracy and governance are coordinated with those of other donors through a variety of consultative groups operating under the general aegis of the ambassadorial sub-group for democracy, good governance and human rights. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) is planning a multi-million dollar investment in judicial administration. USAID's work in judicial training is being designed in close consultation with CIDA. USAID has taken the lead in organizing coordination among donors, including Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, Norway, and the European Union, currently or potentially involved with the judiciary. The Decentralization Support Activity is a major component of the GFDRE's multi-pronged Civil Service Reform Program, which also receives support from UNDP, the European Union and other donors. Principal Contractors, Grantees, or Agencies: Harvard Institute for International Development and PACT. * The Freedom House Survey classifies countries on a scale of one to three, with one being "free" and three, "not free." It classifies civil liberties on a scale of one to seven, with one being best and seven worst. Selected Performance Measures: Baseline (1995) Actual (1998) Target (1999) Target (2000) Target (2001) Backlog in uncleared accounts (years) 4 1.5 0 0 0 Number of Partner NGOs with completed Organizational Capacity Assessments 0 71 86 90 N/A Number of Partner NGOs with strategic plans and effective financial systems 0 26 50 65 90 U.S. Finance Table (Microsoft Excel file) ACTIVITY DATA SHEET PROGRAM: Ethiopia TITLE AND NUMBER: Enhanced Household Food Security in Target Areas, 663-005 PLANNED FY 2000 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $1,000,000 (CSD) PROPOSED FY 2001 OBLIGATION AND ACCOUNT: $7,800,000 (P.L. 480, Title II) STATUS: Continuing INITIAL OBLIGATION: FY 1996 ESTIMATED COMPLETION DATE: Continuing Summary: This objective targets households in chronically food insecure areas throughout Ethiopia. It is implemented primarily through cooperating U.S. and Ethiopian non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Activities include: small scale irrigation and water conservation systems, training in improved agricultural and livestock development practices, construction of market access roads, construction of health facilities and veterinary posts, promotion of latrine construction, planting of home vegetable gardens, health and nutrition education, maternal and child health (MCH) activities (family planning, de-worming and immunization services), and seedling production and reforestation. The objective also provides support to the Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Commission (DPPC) of the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to enhance its capacity to anticipate and respond to emergencies. Key Results: In FY1999, the United States provided over 82,000 metric tons (MT) of commodities valued at $36 million of Title II non-emergency resources to over half a million Ethiopians in the country's chronically food insecure districts. It also provided emergency humanitarian food assistance of 237,160 MT valued at $82 million. Of this amount, 191,500 MT, valued at $66.0 million, assisted approximately seven million Ethiopians affected by drought. The balance, 45,660 MT valued at $16.0 million, assisted the approximately 315,000 Ethiopians displaced by the Ethio-Eritrean border conflict. The latter also received non-food assistance valued at $1,350,700. Field assessments and nutritional surveys demonstrated that timely delivery of emergency food aid prevented mass migration of people, addressed the needs of the war displaced, and allowed Ethiopia to avoid a serious humanitarian crisis, all significant results. Performance and Prospects: Prospects for enhancing household food security over the medium term are not good. Since 1997, rainfall has been marginal in many parts of the country, forcing households to use their savings. In 1999, drought became even more severe leading to total crop failure in some areas, substantial production reductions in others, and the large-scale die-off of animals, particularly those owned by pastoralists. As a result, at the end of 1999, it was projected that approximately eight million Ethiopians would be in need emergency assistance during FY2000. It will take several years of good rains to re-build household savings. Accordingly, USAID expects there to be a continuing need for emergency food assistance well into FY2001; even longer if the rains are not adequate in 2000. USAID works with a group of eight U.S. and Ethiopian NGO cooperating sponsors to achieve development results with non-emergency Title II resources. Sixty percent of the available Title II non-emergency resources are monetized by the cooperating sponsors to cover program and operating costs. The balance is used for direct distribution through food-for-work activities. In the past, program results have lagged plans because of problems associated with monetization. Through FY1999, the cooperating sponsors have continued to work on resolving the monetization problems. Sales mechanisms are now in place and the prospects for enhanced Title II non-emergency results are encouraging. Possible Adjustment to Plans: A FY1999 joint review by USAID and its Title II cooperating sponsors revealed impacts from the non-emergency Title II program on the nutritional status of households could be improved. Accordingly, the Mission and its Title II cooperating sponsors expect to adopt activities which will increase the nutritional impacts of its Title II non-emergency program. Other Donor Programs: Coordination between donors providing food aid to Ethiopia and the DPPC is constructive and collaborative. Assessments are increasingly joint and the formulation and implementation of various food aid management-related programming bring together United Nations agencies, donors, NGOs and the DPPC more and more frequently. Programs supported by other donors, such as the European Union funded activities that enhance the management capacity of the Ethiopian Food Security Reserve, and Canada's building of the capacity of the Early Warning Department of the DPPC, do much to complement USAID's assistance as well. The United States is the leading overall food aid donor to Ethiopia followed by the European Union and the World Food Program supported by other bilateral donors. Principal Contractors, Grantees or Agencies: Developmentally-oriented Title II programs are implemented by CARE, Catholic Relief Services, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Save the Children Federation/USA, World Vision International, Food for the Hungry International, AFRICARE and The Relief Society of Tigray. Selected Performance Measures: Baseline (1996/97) Actual (1998)1 Target (1999) Target (2000) Target (2001) Nutritional Status of Children: proportion of under 5s who are:   -stunted   -underweight 61% 45%   59% 43% 59% 41% 55% 35% Number of months households do not have sufficient food to eat: 5.6     4.6 4.0 % increase in crop yield:   -maize   -teff   -wheat   -barley   -sorghum .55 MT/ha .38 MT/ha .68 MT/ha .77 MT/ha .53 MT/ha   4% 3% 3% 4% 4% 10% 5% 5% 5% 5% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10% 1Targets were established in 1998. The first planned year for data collection was 1999. U.S. Finance Table (Microsoft Excel file)

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